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Fermented foods (like sauerkraut) and the bidirectional relationship between anxiety/depression and gut function

By Trudy Scott 6 Comments

fermented foods

Today’s blog is to whet your appetite (pun intended) with some snippets from my interview – Anxiety: Gut-Brain Communication & Diet – with Dr. David Perlmutter, author of Grain Brain and Brain Wash. In this interview we talk about fermented foods (like sauerkraut) and a study that highlights mechanisms underlying the  bidirectional relationship between anxiety/depression and gut function.

With anxiety at an all-time high and the ever-evolving research on the gut-brain connections we are relaunching the Anxiety Summit 5: Gut-Brain Axis summit on November 8-14, 2021. This interview is featured during the summit and is meaty (you’d expect nothing less from Dr. Perlmutter.)

The two-way connection between the gut and brain is powerful and needs to be explored and addressed if you have anxiety. Diet, fermented foods, reducing inflammation, addressing leaky gut (or intestinal permeability) and neurotransmitter support with amino acids are some of the ways that make a difference.

For the summit relaunch we have 4 incredible new guest expert interviews on sugar addiction, thiamine deficiency, trauma and the freeze response and safe tapering of SSRIs. And I have a new deep dive interview on glutamine, DPA and tyrosine for anxiety and sugar cravings/addiction. I’m excited to share it all with you!

For now, save the date and look out for the registration link in a few weeks. We’re in edit mode for the videos and transcripts, and getting all the backend setup done.

This is the first question I ask Dr. Perlmutter: I’d like to start with the microbiome and the fact that there is a bidirectional relationship between mental health and gut function. There’s a paper titled, Fermented foods, the gut and mental health: a mechanistic overview with implications for depression and anxiety published online late 2018 in The Journal of Nutritional Neuroscience. It highlights this important bidirectional relationship and the role of fermented foods. Can you share a little bit more about this and why this is important?

Before I share Dr. Perlmutter’s response, let me share a few quotes from the abstract of the paper:

  • Mental disorders including depression and anxiety are often comorbid with gut problems, suggesting a bidirectional relationship between mental health and gut function.
  • Several mechanisms might explain this comorbidity, such as inflammation and immune activation; intestinal permeability; perturbations in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis; neurotransmitter/neuropeptide dysregulation; dietary deficiencies; and disturbed gut microbiome composition.
  • The potential of modulating the microbiome-gut-brain axis, and subsequently mental health, through the use of functional foods, is an emerging and novel topic of interest.
  • Fermented foods are considered functional foods due to their reputed health benefits.

The paper goes on to discuss food fermentation and summarizes how these foods “act biologically in the gastrointestinal tract and have the ability to modify the gut microbiota, influence translocation of endotoxins and subsequent immune activation, and promote host nutrition.” They are exploring their theoretical potential to improve symptoms of depression and anxiety in humans, saying more research is needed.

Dr. Perlmutter highlights various section of the paper and starts by sharing more about fermented foods and that we’ve been actively fermenting for thousands of years:

I think it’s first instructive to recognize that we’ve been actively fermenting foods for thousands of years as humans as a technique to preserve them, and allow us to travel with a food source. But beyond that, our ancestors prior to that would eat fermented foods. Fermentation is actually what happens to food when it’s left outside and is exposed to bacteria and begins the process of, dare I say, rotting. I don’t want that to be off putting to people who are going to hear the later part of our discussion dealing with eating fermented foods, because we have wonderful fermented foods that we eat these days.

He goes on to elaborate on what the paper terms functional foods. What this means is that these fermented foods have far-reaching health benefits for optimal health and for making us resistant to disease (i.e. improving our immunity):

The point is that the process of fermentation is basically a process of enrichment of food sources with bacteria. And what a notion that is, where we’re looking at the idea of eating a food that’s teeming with bugs, with germs, if you will. I say it that way, because it has such a negative connotation, but it really is what we want to do. These bacteria are involved in so many processes that deal with our health, and nurture our health, and our resistance to disease.

Some common examples of fermented foods are kimchi, sauerkraut, kefir (dairy kefir and water kefir), kombucha, and yogurt. Keep in mind, you can ferment many different vegetables. One of my favorites is cauliflower.

The paper also mentions inflammation as one possible mechanism for the bidirectional relationship between anxiety/depression and gut function, and Dr. Perlmutter discusses this in great detail, in the context of chronic health conditions. And he ties it all back to the microbiome:

From my perspective, of course, that has to do with the functionality of the brain, the way the brain remains healthy, and disease-free moving forward. And there are multiple mechanisms that relate to what’s going on in the gut to the brain. When we think of disease processes, most of what we are concerned about is the notion of inflammation, at least, in terms of a mechanism that relates to so many of the chronic degenerative conditions of the brain; be it Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, or even a non-chronic degenerative condition, which is autism is not necessarily considered to be progressive, but nonetheless at its heart, is in fact an inflammatory disorder.

So beyond that, of course, all of the chronic degenerative conditions that plague our planet, including heart disease, cancer, diabetes, the autoimmune conditions are at their very core, primarily inflammatory.

And let me be very clear that chronic degenerative conditions are ranked by the World Health Organization as the number one cause of death on planet Earth.

So we have to pay attention to anything that’s involved in the regulation of inflammation in the human body. And front and center right now in terms of gaining the spotlight, is the health of the gut bacteria, as well as its metabolites and it’s gene expression, collectively, we call that the microbiome.

The paper mentions intestinal permeability as another mechanism. Dr. Perlmutter covers the importance of the gut lining integrity and why it’s so important when it comes to anxiety, depression and the chronic diseases he mentions:

So we realize that the gut bacteria have a very important function, and that is to maintain the integrity of the gut lining.

And why would I, as a neurologist, give a hoot about the integrity of the gut lining? Quite categorically it’s because that is where inflammation in the body, in the long term, has its genesis. So, meaning we’ve got to have a strong gatekeeper at the lining of the gut to keep various gut-related proteins and other chemicals from making their way into the rest of the body, and challenging the immune system, upregulating the production of inflammatory chemicals that then do damage.

Dr. Perlmutter ends by discussing neurotransmitter dysregulation (also mentioned in the paper):

We know that our gut bacteria are involved in the manufacture of various neurochemicals, various neurotransmitters, serotonin, for example, dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, [GABA], etcetera, that are primarily manufactured in the gut.

As a matter of fact, when it comes to serotonin, which certainly gains the spotlight; 90% is manufactured in the gut, another 9% is manufactured in the blood platelets, meaning that only 1% is actually manufactured in the brain, though, we call it a brain transmitter, a neurotransmitter. That said, the availability of the precursor for serotonin; the amino acid tryptophan, the availability of that even to the brain, is in fact controlled to a significant degree by actions of the gut microbes.

He wraps up by bringing in the microbiome, inflammation, chronic health conditions, anxiety and depression, and our lifestyle choices and diet (which includes foods such as fermented vegetables):

If we simply recognize that our gut bacteria are playing a massive role in regulating inflammation in the body, that’s enough, because our mission for the prevention of chronic degenerative conditions in the brain and out of the brain is controlling inflammation.

And it’s through the lens of the microbiome that we realize the detrimental or effectiveness of our food choices, and other lifestyle choices that can act to increase or balance inflammation. So it becomes extremely important.

The paper does discuss perturbations in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis but we didn’t get into this during this interview. However, we do cover this in Dr. Peter Bongiorno’s interview on the summit.

Some of the recent research on specific fermented foods and mental health

Here is some of the recent research on specific fermented foods and mental health, where some or all of the above mechanisms may be a factor:

Some simple changes you can make

Here are some simple changes that be incorporated when you have anxiety or depression:

  • Include fermented foods and beverages in the diet (ideally on a daily basis). If you decide to include sauerkraut, you can make it yourself or buy it from the store. If you buy it ready-made, always make sure it’s raw and found in the refrigerated section. Vinegar should not feature on the label but do look for salt as this is used in the fermentation process. In the example I share above, the added ginger helps with digestion even further and is very delicious!
  • Eat a real whole foods diet with quality animal protein, healthy fats and organic vegetables and fruit (there is much research supporting dietary changes for improving mood and easing anxiety i.e. nutritional psychiatry)
  • Avoid inflammatory foods like gluten, sugar, processed foods/fast foods and foods that you have a sensitivity to
  • Address intestinal permeability if necessary (glutamine is my go-to nutrient for this and I take a deep dive into this amino acid in one of the new interviews on the summit)
  • Use targeted individual amino acids such as GABA to boost GABA (for physical anxiety symptoms) and tryptophan or 5-HTP to boost serotonin (for worry-type anxiety). You can do this while you are addressing underlying gut issues and making dietary changes. Keep in mind that these amino acids help you quit sugar, gluten and junk food at the same time as easing anxiety!

Resources if you are new to using the amino acids as supplements

If you are new to using the amino acids as supplements and want to know more, here is the Amino Acids Mood Questionnaire from The Antianxiety Food Solution and a brief overview here, Anxiety and targeted individual amino acid supplements: a summary.

If you suspect low neurotransmitters and do not yet have my book, The Antianxiety Food Solution – How the Foods You Eat Can Help You Calm Your Anxious Mind, Improve Your Mood, and End Cravings, I highly recommend getting it and reading it before jumping in and using amino acids so you are knowledgeable.

Do join us on the summit relaunch of Anxiety Summit 5: Gut-Brain Axis summit on November 8-14, 2021. Registration details coming soon.

And if you’d like to learn more about Dr. Perlmutter’s book, Brain Wash: Detox Your Mind for Clearer Thinking, Deeper Relationships, and Lasting Happiness (written with his son Dr. Austin Perlmutter), here is my review. In our interview on the summit, he shares about disconnection syndrome (and loneliness) and how our decision-making abilities have been compromised.

Are fermented foods and beverages included in your diet (and your family’s diet) on a daily basis? And what are your favorites?

Do you make your own fermented vegetables?

Have you observed mood and/or digestive improvements since including fermented foods in your diet?

If you are a practitioner, do you recommend fermented foods and discuss this bidirectional communication between the gut and the brain with your clients/patients?

Feel free to post your questions too.

I need help with my Diet Coke addiction – when I stop, my fatigue, brain fog, anxiety/depression increase big time!

By Trudy Scott 42 Comments

diet coke addiction

A woman asked for help on the blog, wanting desperately to quit her long-time Diet Coke addiction. This woman knows her addiction is detrimental to her health and she gets withdrawal symptoms when she tries to quit – fatigue, brain fog, anxiety and depression increase big time! And yet she can’t quit. This is not unusual. I share my feedback on the brain chemical imbalances that can drive addictions and how to figure out which amino acids (or more than one) may help her quit easily. This means she doesn’t have to go cold turkey and then fail yet again. Using the amino acids means there is no willpower required and no feelings of deprivation, and it’s addressing an underlying neurotransmitter imbalance i.e. a root cause.

Here is her question:

I need help with my Diet Coke addiction. I have been using it for 35 years and I am too appalled to tell you how much I drink.

I have tried to quit many times and ended up in utter failure. A friend mentioned that phenylalanine may be a booster for my dopamine.

When I stop, my fatigue, brain fog, anxiety/depression increase big time. I know this drink is literally killing my health and I am desperate for some answers, suggestions….or a miracle.

What supplements do you recommend for helping me quit this devil of a habit? Thank you for ALL you do!” 

Here is my response …. when it comes to using amino acids to help break the addiction, pretty much everything I write about in relation to sugar addiction or cravings would likely also apply to quitting Diet Coke.

What emotions are driving the addiction?

She needs to figure out what emotions are driving her addiction and use the respective amino acid supplement/s (one or more of them) to help break the addiction and improve the mood symptoms at the same time.

These are the questions I review with my clients who have a Diet Coke addiction (or other diet soda or regular soda addiction):

  1. If you have to drink it when you haven’t eaten in awhile it’s likely low blood sugar. Glutamine on the tongue stops the desire almost immediately and also helps with the low blood sugar symptoms of shakiness and irritability
  2. If you stress-drink, your cravings are likely due to low GABA, and GABA will stop the stress-drinking and calm you down too
  3. If you drink it to feel happy (and especially from late afternoon into the evening) then your cravings are likely due to low serotonin, and tryptophan (or 5-HTP) stops the cravings and boosts mood and reduces anxiety
  4. If you drink it for comfort or a reward comfort then it’s likely due to low endorphins and DPA (d-phenylalanine) will stop that feeling of “I deserve-it” and also give you a hug-like mood boost
  5. If you drink it for an energy boost or to give you focus then it’s likely due to low catecholamines and tyrosine will stop those cravings and give you a mood and energy boost, and also help with mental clarity

Based on her question above, she mentions that “my fatigue, brain fog, anxiety/depression increase big time” when she stops. The fatigue, brain fog and depression is a big clue that #5 above will likely apply. She asks about using phenylalanine for dopamine support (dopamine is one of the catecholamines). I prefer tyrosine to l-phenylalanine for boosting levels.

The fact that anxiety also increases when she stops is a clue that #2 or #3 may apply too, and possibly #1. It’s not unusual for someone to have imbalances in multiple areas.

If this is the case, I  always recommend doing a trial of one at a time, so it’s easy to see the benefits.

It’s not the same neurotransmitter imbalance that shows up in each person

It’s also not the same neurotransmitter imbalance that shows up in each person with a Diet Coke (or other soda addiction). When I shared this on Facebook and asked what was the driving emotion behind their “self-medication” with Diet Coke this is feedback I received from two women:

  • “I had been drinking almost 6 per day for decades. I believe it was comforting.” In this instance, addressing low endorphins with DPA (#4) would have helped. Comfort or reward or treat is a common emotional driver for all addictions.
  • “I noticed I would drink Diet Coke when I felt anxious (1 or 2 times a day).” In this instance #2 or #3 would have helped i.e. GABA support if it was physical anxiety and/or tryptophan or 5-HTP for low serotonin if it was worry-type anxiety.

The caffeine addiction and the artificial sweetener Aspartame

Keep in mind, with Diet Coke, there is the caffeine addiction and the artificial sweetener Aspartame that also make it challenging to quit. Tyrosine and addressing low catecholamines (#5 above) and vitamin C can help with the caffeine addiction and quitting so headaches are minimized.

The amino acids can help with the imbalances created by aspartame. This paper, Direct and indirect cellular effects of aspartame on the brain, proposes that “excessive aspartame ingestion might be involved in the pathogenesis of certain mental disorders and also in compromised learning and emotional functioning.”  This excerpt from the abstract is relevant to this discussion:

Aspartame is composed of phenylalanine (50%), aspartic acid (40%) and methanol (10%). Phenylalanine plays an important role in neurotransmitter regulation, whereas aspartic acid is also thought to play a role as an excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. Glutamate, asparagines and glutamine are formed from their precursor, aspartic acid. Methanol, which forms 10% of the broken down product, is converted in the body to formate, which can either be excreted or can give rise to formaldehyde, diketopiperazine (a carcinogen) and a number of other highly toxic derivatives. Previously, it has been reported that consumption of aspartame could cause neurological and behavioural disturbances in sensitive individuals. Headaches, insomnia and seizures are also some of the neurological effects that have been encountered, and these may be accredited to changes in regional brain concentrations of catecholamines, which include norepinephrine, epinephrine and dopamine.

This further supports the need for catecholamine support with tyrsosine (#5 above) and GABA support with the amino acid GABA (#2 above).

Recognizing it’s an issue is a big first step

I acknowledge her for recognizing it’s an issue – that is a big first step! I did also ask her to share how much she was consuming each day because there is no judgement here and we acknowledge it’s an addiction. I’ll report back when I hear from her and will also share which amino acid/s helped her break the addiction.

As always, it’s not only about the amino acids and a comprehensive healing approach is always part of the picture. The amino acids make it easy to get started and then other underlying issues can be addressed: other nutritional deficiencies, dysbiosis, fatty liver, metabolic syndrome and so on. You can see some of the many studies below.

Of course, it’s important to be eating a real whole foods diet with quality animal protein, healthy fats, organic vegetables and fruit, no caffeine, no gluten, no sugar, fermented foods and herbs.

Reconsider your diet soda consumption if you’re on the fence

If you are on the fence about giving up your diet soda consumption here are a few additional papers that will hopefully make you reconsider:

Facts like this help you recognize it’s an issue but even when we have these facts, we often simply cannot quit. This is where the amino acids are so powerful because they work with no willpower required and no feelings of deprivation. And using them addresses the underlying neurotransmitter imbalance/root cause that led to the initial addiction or “self-medication”. They also help address the neurotransmitter deficiencies that are often made worse by diet soda consumption.

Resources if you are new to using the amino acids as supplements

If you are new to using the amino acids as supplements and want to know more, here is the Amino Acids Mood Questionnaire from The Antianxiety Food Solution and a brief overview here, Anxiety and targeted individual amino acid supplements: a summary.

If you suspect low neurotransmitters and do not yet have my book, The Antianxiety Food Solution – How the Foods You Eat Can Help You Calm Your Anxious Mind, Improve Your Mood, and End Cravings, I highly recommend getting it and reading it before jumping in and using amino acids so you are knowledgeable.

What advice do you have if you have been through this yourself and what has helped you?

What do you drink now instead of your diet soda?

If you are a practitioner, how do you help your patients/clients with this kind of addiction?

Feel free to post your questions too.

The Essential Oils Apothecary – Advanced Strategies and Protocols for Chronic Disease and Conditions by Eric Zielinski and Sabrina Ann Zielinski

By Trudy Scott Leave a Comment

essential oils apothecary

This wonderful new book was just released this week. It covers the basics and their recipes are wonderful as always. I really appreciate that Dr. Z and Mama Z include chapters on insomnia, stress and anxiety, depression and substance abuse. Even though I already know about and use essential oils, I picked up plenty of gems. I do love that they include the research too.

Here are a few highlights that resonated with me:

  • A new essential oil that I learned about is Bitter Orange. I love all the citrus essential oils and learn that this one “is used in Ayurvedic medicine as an aid to meditation and can be extremely helpful in easing stress and anxiety” … and that a “study from Iranian researchers found that when patients were given bitter orange prior to a minor operation, they felt more relaxed, with much less anxiety.”
  • Being reminded about Thyme essential oil for stress relief and anxiety support. I found this statement worth remembering and fascinating: “Like many essential oils, thyme oil works by stimulating smell receptors in the nose, which then transmit messages through the nervous system to the emotion-controlling limbic system in the brain.”
  • Learning about a study where “Japanese investigators evaluated the anti-stress benefit of aromatherapeutic hand massages in healthy women in their twenties.” I see a huge application for this in children, hospitalized loved ones and elderly parents too.
  • I love ginger and I was intrigued to learn about Plai root essential oil, a cousin to ginger and similar to eucalyptus “with additional spicy notes.” They share that a study with healthy male volunteers found  that plai improved mood “by easing the negative emotions and enhancing positive emotions, especially feelings of pleasure and contentment.” They also share that plai essential oil pairs well with rosemary, a favorite of mine for mood and anxiety support.
  • I was not aware that black pepper essential oil can “reduce cravings for cigarettes, alcohol, or marijuana. Black pepper oil can also help you fight withdrawal symptoms and keep you calm throughout….by elevating levels of the feel-good neurotransmitter serotonin in your brain.” They share a fun recipe for Quit Sticks to help folks quit these addictions.
  • The list of essential oils that are rich in linalool, “known for its calming, sedative, anticonvulsant, and anxiolytic (anti­anxiety) properties. Chemically, it is a monoterpenoid—a major compound found in essential oils – and is widely used as an antimicrobial agent and a fragrance.” The list includes Rosewood (82.3 to 90.3 percent), Coriander seed (59.0 to 87.5 percent), Magnolia leaf or flower (78.9 percent / 69.9 percent), Bergamot mint (24.9 to 55.2 percent), Neroli (31.4 to 54.3 percent), Lavender (25.0 to 45.0 percent) and many others.

I’ve highlighted some gems related to insomnia, stress and anxiety, depression and substance abuse but there are also sections on the following: chronic fatigue, fibromyalgia, low libido, Alzheimer’s and dementia, bone and joint disorders, cancer support, cardiovascular disease, chronic respiratory disease, diabetes and obesity, fatty liver, inflammatory bowel disease, Parkinson’s disease and epilepsy.

Here is the official blurb:

Soothing practices, healing rituals, and 100+ practical recipes for applying essential oils to the treatment and symptom management of chronic illness–by the bestselling author of The Healing Power of Essential Oils and his wife, Mama Z!

More and more people living with a chronic condition–from insomnia, hypertension, and fibromyalgia to migraines, insulin resistance, and even the effects of chemotherapy–are reaching for essential oils as a complementary therapy to treat their symptoms. Whether you apply them topically, infuse them in liquid, or diffuse them in the air, essential oils are proven to penetrate the skin and work on the body’s physiology gently and quickly.

Dr. Eric Zielinski, author of the bestselling primer on using essential oils for general health, The Healing Power of Essential Oils, and his wife, Sabrina, affectionately called Mama Z, now bring their masterful and authoritative knowledge to the complexities of chronic illness. The Essential Oil Apothecary shares more than 100 research-backed and easy-to-prepare formulations, from an Immune Boosting Blend to an Anxiety-Busting Body Oil, to help with symptoms of twenty-five common chronic conditions, including fatigue, pain, anxiety, and addiction. It also offers two life-changing tools: an essential home makeover to remove toxins that may be making you sicker, and self-care rituals (including Mama Z’s beauty rituals) that help you feel better when navigating any chronic illness.

Dr. and Mama Z’s evidence-based and holistic approach will help you experience the power of essential oils against chronic illness and build a lifetime of healthy habits and supportive lifestyle actions.

I see this as a book you’ll refer to again and again (like I refer to their first book “The Healing Power of Essential Oils”). I recommend it for essential oils beginners and for individuals (including practitioners) who are already using essential oils.

Use this link to order your copy and claim additional bonus digital content.   Or purchase from your favorite local bookstore or from Amazon (my link) and then use this link to claim your bonus content.

Let us know what gems you pick up when you read it!

Pesticide warehouse fire and spill: environmental effects, detoxification and long-term impacts for anxiety and physical health

By Trudy Scott 6 Comments

pasticide warehouse and fire spill
The toxic green river/lagoon with poisoned/dead fish piling up (Credit: Drone Fundi)

One month ago, during the political riots in South Africa, a warehouse in Cornubia was burned down causing a slew of pesticides, insecticides and fungicides to be spilled into the nearby river and ocean, and burned into the atmosphere. This happened in a semi-industrial area bordering on residential areas such as Umhlanga Rocks and Sunningdale, and the informal settlement Blackburn. My sister and her family live in Umhlanga Rocks and we frantically communicated (during the riots and after the spill), trying to figure out what was going on, with me offering insights on how to help them mitigate some of the short-term toxic health effects. These included practical steps to avoid the toxic air and water, and some nutritional approaches to start supporting detoxification.

While this blog is specific to the situation in South Africa, something like this could happen near you one day. For this reason, I’m sharing what I have learned and what I already know about environmental toxins so you are aware of the short-term and long-term impacts for anxiety, mood and physical health.

Much of the nutritional support and detoxification recommendations are also applicable if you are dealing with smoke from forest fires too, like much of the western states of the US and Canada right now, and some countries like France and Greece in the EU.

The South African civil unrest and riots that led to the pesticide fire and spill

This article describes the civil unrest and explains how “South Africa suffered an insurrection attempt with two provinces, KwaZulu-Natal and Gauteng disabled, and national fuel and food supply lines disrupted.” It is thought that twelve masterminds planned and executed it on social media and then lost control after the looting started.

The pesticide warehouse in Cornubia, KwaZulu-Natal, was leased by United Phosphorus Limited (UPL) and was burned down as a direct result of this rioting and looting.

Queen Nandi Drive Durban
One of hundreds of  burning buildings: Queen Nandi Drive, Durban (Credit: Kierran Allen Photography)

The Cornubia warehouse was one of many hundreds of factories, stores and warehouses that were burned down, all contributing to a toxic soup in the atmosphere.

Wildlife photographer, Kierran Allen, captures the above scene and many other shocking images. Check them out on his Facebook page and here.

The pesticide warehouse fire and spill

The UPL product list is long and includes 124 herbicides, 43 fungicides, 52 insecticides and various other chemicals. I looked through some of the categories and found atrazine, paraquat, glyphosate, chlorpyrifos and many more.

As of today, 30 days after the initial fire, the company has not disclosed which products were part of the fire and spill (more on this below).

spilled products

As a result of the warehouse fire and spill, the Ohlanga river and Umhlanga lagoon turned a strange green-blue and thousands and thousands of fish were killed. The beaches and sea water became toxic too. Koi fish in a nearby neighborhood pond died. Surfers reported burning skin while surfing at Umdloti, 12 km north of the lagoon mouth.

Individuals in the community reported headaches, burning skin and eyes, asthma, nose and throat problems, and coughing. I also saw a report of “oily black goop floating on my pool surface” and getting on the paws of their cats and dogs.

Drone Fundi published an excellent 3-minute aerial video on their Facebook page and gave me permission to snag a screenshot of the dead fish image for this blog.

Umhlanga river

umhlanga river
The toxic green-blue river/lagoon with poisoned/dead fish piling up (Credit: Drone Fundi)

Excellent coverage by environmental journalist, Tony Carnie

Environmental journalist, Tony Carnie, has provided the most comprehensive coverage in a number of excellent articles on The Daily Maverick blog:

daily maverick article

Red flags about the fire and spill that concern me

As I read the media articles, the company press releases and reached out to the company, a number of concerning red flags started showing up:

  • UPL hired a risk management company to do the press releases and respond to enquiries. I did correspond with them and although very responsive they didn’t initially provide details of what pesticides were involved and then offered a partial list
  • The first press release on July 17, 2021 mentioned a warehouse storing “plant protection products.” I had never heard this term before and had to look it up – they are pesticides and other chemicals like insecticides and fungicides. It took a good few days for this to make it into media reports
  • UPL consulted with Dr. Gerhard Verdoorn and shared this in a press releases on July 19, 2021:

    He was provided with a list of the crop solution products stored in the warehouse, and was requested to provide guidance on the possible health implications posed by the release of these products into the environment.

    In his view, there is a minimal risk of any long-term effects to the health of people exposed to smoke from the warehouse. However, exposure in the short term to some of the chemicals contained in the crop solution products may result in dermal, eye and respiratory irritation.

This does not mention that Dr. Verdoorn is an industry spokesperson and I have concerns that they continue to downplay the severity and possible long-term impacts.

This same press release did mention some of the chemicals that were in the fire:

Some of the herbicides, such as chloroacetamides (for example, acetochlor, S-metalochlor), phenoxycarboxylic acids (2,4-D, MCPA and benzoic acids, or dicamba) may not have burned out completely. Two pyrethroids – alpha-cypermethrin and lambda-cyhalothrin – which are dermal, eye and respiratory tract irritants may have been present in the smoke.

  • One of my first thoughts was why is this warehouse located so close to residential areas and why don’t they have safety measures in place
  • 30 days later there is no disclosure of what pesticides and how much (The Daily Maverick blog reports this). One article mentioned they don’t want to provoke anxiety in the community by sharing the list. Not knowing causes anxiety and concerns.
  • 30 days later there is no expert commentary on long term potential impacts (I share more on this below) and long term mitigation/cleanup and detoxification approaches for the community

After watching movies like Erin Brockovich, Dark Waters (the true story of Dupont and Teflon) and Rainmaker, red flags like this need to be documented. I’m more than happy to take all this back if and when things change.

I share all this for the residents of this area who are being impacted right now, and so you can get an idea of red flags to look out for if you encounter something like this in your neighborhood one day.

Update August 17th: The list of chemicals

According to this Daily Maverick article, Here it is: The toxic stockpile of chemicals in torched United Phosphorus Limited Durban warehouse

*More than 26 000 kilograms of Masta 900, an insecticide containing the “very potent neurotoxin” methomyl for which “contact with skin, inhalation of dust or spray, or swallowing may be fatal.”

*Another 1 800 litres of methamidophos, also a “very potent neurotoxin”.

*More than 40 000 litres of products using the herbicide paraquat which poses “high risk for all life forms”.

*Over 19 000 kilograms of Terbufos, another “very toxic” chemical presenting “high risk to all forms of life”.

*More than 600 000 kilograms of products containing tebuthiuron, a chemical classified as “very toxic to aquatic life … with long lasting effects” sold under a variety of brand names including Lava 800 and Limpopo SC.

*More than 160 000 kilograms of potassium hydroxide and 100 000 kilograms of ammonia hydroxide, both intermediate products used in manufacturing that are “extremely caustic” chemicals that burn skin on contact.

*More than 3 000 kilograms of Cyprex, a “highly active herbicide” containing halosulfuron-methyl, a product that “may damage the unborn child”, according to the European Chemicals Agency.

*More than 500 000 litres of Triclon, a product containing triclopyr butotyl and classified as “flammable, harmful and environmentally hazardous” and that “may cause lung damage if swallowed”.

*More than 30 000 litres of MSMA 720, also known as monosodium methylarsonate which has been shown to have “limited evidence of a carcinogenic effect”, and over time converts to inorganic arsenic in soil with the potential to contaminate water sources.

*More than 30 000 kilograms of oxamyl-based insecticides, including products Bandito and Oxadate, that also present “high risk for all life forms”.

*Almost 11 000 kilograms of Tenazole, containing “extremely flammable” fungicide terbuconazole.

*More than 1 000 litres of Colloso, a fungicide containing the active ingredient carbendazim which “may cause heritable genetic damage”,  “may impair fertility”, and “may cause harm to unborn child”.

Practical solutions for short-term immediate exposure

As soon as I learned what had happened I started reading everything in the local media, contacted UPL, looked up the products they carry and immediately shared Dr. Elisa Song’s 2018 blog with my sister and friends: How to Detoxify When Air Pollution is High. Dr. Song published this resource for keeping children and families safe and healthy through the tragedy of the 2018 California fire season.

I knew her advice on “Optimizing Indoor Air Quality” would be perfect for the toxic pesticide situation too:

  • keep doors and windows closed at all times
  • have separate outdoor clothes and shoes
  • vacuum daily and use a HEPA filter
  • bring plants inside to help improve air quality
  • use your air conditioner as another way to clean the air and
  • diffuse essential oils.

My additions were as follows:

  • don’t hang clothes on the washing line
  • keep your pets inside and wipe them down after they go outside
  • ideally go somewhere away from the situation
  • definitely don’t go to the source to see what is happening as exposure will likely be much higher.

I also reached out to colleagues for specific information relating to a pesticide spill and certified Toxicity and Detox Specialist, Sinclair Kennally, very kindly did a write up specially for this situation. In her blog post, Environmental Toxin Exposure: what to do when disasters hit, she shares wonderful advice on:

  • daily best practices during the disaster
  • DIY strategies to reduce toxic exposure when supplies are scarce
  • herbs that can be used for first aid in a pinch
  • most important supplements for recovery afterwards
  • using activated charcoal or zeolite on laundry loads
  • making your own air filter pet care (using apple cider vinegar and bentonite clay/activated charcoal)
  • emergency essentials (especially water).

Detoxification solutions, and respiratory and immune health

Dr. Song’s detox advice on the same blog on “Supporting Respiratory and Immune Health” is very applicable for a pesticide spill such as this and for forest fires (and other environmental pollution): “Daily epsom salt baths to support detoxification and enhance magnesium and glutathione levels,” liposomal glutathione, extra magnesium and essential oils to support detoxification, immune and respiratory health. She mentions citrus and lavender essential oils which offer the added benefit of being calming and helping with sleep too (more on that below).

On Sinclair’s blog she empahsizes “Toxin excretion is the most crucial stage of any disaster” and she discusses sauna, binders, mobilizers and support for detox pathways in great detail.

The stores were all closed because of the looting so I gathered some additional resources in case folks didn’t have certain things on hand:

  • N-Acetyl Cysteine/NAC – improves glutathione levels, is a powerful antioxidant, “acts directly as a scavenger of free radicals” and is a mucolytic (clears mucus and relieves breathing difficulties)
  • Rooibos tea – is neuroprotective and it’s “cell-protective activity …is connected with the ability of reducing glycaemia, inflammation as well as oxidative stress.” It also eases anxiety and supports healthy cortisol levels
  • Apple cider vinegar (preferably organic with the mother) – “could be promising for attenuation of liver cell damages induced by several toxins through its powerful antioxidant properties” due to its major constituents of flavonoids and polyphenols.
  • Broccoli sprouts or extract – “the sulforaphane may be exerting its protective actions by activating a signaling molecule, NRF2, that elevates the capacity of cells to adapt to and survive a broad range of environmental toxins.” The authors go on to say it’s a “frugal, simple and safe means that can be taken by individuals to possibly reduce some of the long-term health risks associated with air pollution.”  A simple way to get some of these benefits is to make your own homemade broccoli sprouts (easy and lots of fun to nurture them and watch them grow!) and to consume them daily!
  • Vitamin D3 – “vitamin D is a significant factor in detoxification and protection against environmental toxins” (used based on vitamin D levels i.e. always test first)

Sleep, stress/anxiety, pyroluria and immunity

Sinclair starts with a reminder to “be gentle and kind with yourself and others” and Dr. Song also mentions the importance of  managing stress: “Psychological stress IS a toxin and fills up our inflammation bucket as much as any physical toxin.” Dr. Song recommends some wonderful kid’s books and breathing/meditation apps.

Of course, I wholeheartedly support their sage advice. I also recommend increasing tryptophan or 5-HTP, and GABA, as needed, if you are already using these amino acid supplements. You’ll increase  tryptophan or 5-HTP for the worry-type low serotonin anxiety and/or GABA for the physical-tension low GABA anxiety.

Supporting serotonin and GABA levels also help with sleep issues and GABA also supports a good immune system.

We know these chemicals can have a direct impact on neurotransmitter levels. One example is the insecticide fipronil impacting GABA levels. In this blog I share how the main mechanism of action is by targeting the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor and that recent research points to increased anxiety, aggressive behavior, memory problems and even Alzheimer’s disease in animal studies.

Another example is the herbicide glyphosate, which affects gut microbiota, causing anxiety and depression-like behaviors in mice, very likely via alterations in GABA and serotonin levels.

I also recommend bumping up your pyroluria supplements because zinc and vitamin B6 are depleted by added stress and worry.

Potential long term impacts on mental and physical health

This paper, Environmental Exposures and Depression: Biological Mechanisms and Epidemiological Evidence shares that pesticides are “quickly absorbed through the skin, mucous membranes, gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts, and the placenta” and can cause depression via various mechanisms:

  • Inhibiting the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE), which results in decreased degradation of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine
  • Interference with the serotonergic and dopaminergic systems

Depression may also be caused by DNA methylation in specific genes, “increased oxidative stress, astrocyte dysfunction, and impaired hippocampal neurotransmission.”  Prenatal exposure also increases the risk of depression.

This chapter, Psychiatric Effects of Organic Chemical Exposure, from the book, Effects of Persistent and Bioactive Organic Pollutants on Human Health, states that:

Clinicians should remain aware that psychiatric symptoms can arise from toxic chemicals in diverse situations including terrorist attacks with chemical agents, mass chemical disasters in industrial or community settings, individual chemical accidents, and intentional solvent inhalation. Emerging evidence also indicates that prenatal exposure to organic compounds adversely affects neurodevelopment in humans and may be associated with later risk of mental illness.

Other chapters in this book cover cancer, diabetes, heart disease, obesity, thyroid function, women’s and men’s reproductive health, bone and joint health, immunity, respiratory illnesses, cognitive function and Parkinson’s disease.

All this is why we need to know what products were part of the fire and spill.

Resources if you are new to using the amino acids as supplements

If you are new to using the amino acids tryptophan/5-HTP or GABA as supplements and want to know more in case you need them in a future situation, here is the Amino Acids Mood Questionnaire from The Antianxiety Food Solution (you can see all the low serotonin symptoms here) and a brief overview here, Anxiety and targeted individual amino acid supplements: a summary.

If you suspect low serotonin or low levels of any of the neurotransmitters and do not yet have my book, The Antianxiety Food Solution – How the Foods You Eat Can Help You Calm Your Anxious Mind, Improve Your Mood, and End Cravings, I highly recommend getting it and reading it before jumping in and using amino acids so you are knowledgeable. It also covers all the basics of a healthy diet that Dr. Song recommends.

The book doesn’t include product names (per the publisher’s request) so this blog, The Antianxiety Food Solution Amino Acid and Pyroluria Supplements, lists the amino acid products that I use with my individual clients and those in my group programs.

With much appreciation to Dr. Song, Sinclair for their helpful resources, the journalists, advocates and photographers, and to all the researchers.

Have you (or a loved one) experienced a pesticide or other environmental spill/disaster (or excessive smoke from a forest fire) and have these detox approaches and anxiety/sleep recommendations helped (or are they helping right now)?

Do you have any additional tips to share?

Feel free to post any questions here too.

Timing/combinations of tryptophan and 5-HTP for anxiety, depression and bad sleep (premenstrual dysphoric disorder/PMDD)

By Trudy Scott 28 Comments

tryptophan 5-htp timing

Naomi asked these questions about tryptophan timing, using it in the morning and her PMDD (premenstrual dysphoric disorder) symptoms of anxiety, depression and bad sleep: 

I heard your talk on the Biology of Trauma summit, thank you it was great. When’s the best time to take tryptophan? I want to try it for PMDD depression & anxiety along with accompanied bad/little sleep.

I’ve read it needs to be taken on an empty stomach. If I take it in the mornings will it make me drowsy for the day? I struggle with having an empty stomach in the evenings as I often need to eat something close to bedtime to have the energy to sleep through.

I thanked Naomi for her kind words and shared that tryptophan is best used mid-afternoon and evening when serotonin levels take a downwards dip. And tryptophan (and the other amino acids) must always be taken on an empty stomach/away from protein. I also shared how she may want to experiment with also using 5-HTP at various times in the day and in different combinations (more on that below).

Regarding the evening dose, tryptophan can be used between dinner and a bedtime snack if a snack is necessary for blood sugar stability (for improving sleep).

I shared this blog as an additional resource for her – Tryptophan for PMS: premenstrual dysphoria, mood swings, tension, and irritability

In a study published in 1999, A placebo-controlled clinical trial of L-tryptophan in premenstrual dysphoria, tryptophan was found to reduce symptoms of PMS when used in the luteal phase or second half of the cycle (i.e. after ovulation).

I’ve seen both tryptophan and 5-HTP improve symptoms in 2-3 cycles (often in conjunction with GABA) and other steps I outline in the above blog. I don’t typically have clients only use it after ovulation but this is one way a trial could be approached.

Using a combination of tryptophan and 5-HTP

Regarding Naomi’s question about taking tryptophan in the morning and her concern about it making her drowsy during the day, this is my feedback about possibly experimenting with also using 5-HTP at various times in the day and in different combinations:

  • Many folks do not need serotonin support earlier in the day since it goes down at the end of the day but there are some women who do
  • If you are someone who does need serotonin support earlier in the day, you may do very well with tryptophan i.e. it may not make you sleepy
  • If you are someone who does need serotonin support earlier in the day, you may find that tryptophan does make you sleepy and you do better with 5-HTP earlier in the day. In this case, you would use 5-HTP in the morning (as needed, possibly on waking and/or mid-morning) and tryptophan in the afternoon and evening.

And just to add to the mix of variations, keep in mind that some folks do better on 5-HTP (at any time of the day) and some folks with high cortisol find 5-HTP too stimulating.

The way to figure out which amino acid and which combination works best for you is to do a trial of the various combinations and keep a careful log of your responses.

I really do recommend my book when you are new to the amino acids

I also reminded her that when you are new to the amino acids I really do recommend my book “The Antianxiety Food Solution” so you understand exactly how to use them. There is an entire chapter on the amino acids.

I also cover other anxiety nutrition solutions like gluten/sugar/caffeine removal (all important for anxiety, depression and sleep), blood sugar control (often a factor in not being able to sleep through the night and daytime anxiety), gut health (affects mood and can also affect sleep), pyroluria (the zinc, vitamin B6 and evening primrose oil are key for hormone health). I reminded her that it’s the amino acids and diet we must work on.

If you’ve been reading my blog posts and following me for awhile, you know I speak on many summits. I see these interviews as a great introduction for folks new to the amino acids but cannot possibly cover everything in 45-60 minutes.

Additional information on PMDD and low serotonin

Here is additional information on PMDD and low serotonin – Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder: Epidemiology and Treatment:

It is possible that women with PMDD are more sensitive to [the] effects of estrogens on serotonergic function. Women with PMDD or PMS exhibit specific serotonin abnormalities that are particularly apparent in the late luteal phase [or second half of the cycle] when estrogen levels have declined. These include a deficiency in whole blood serotonin, blunted serotonin production in response to l-tryptophan challenge and, and aggravated premenstrual symptoms during tryptophan depletion.

Be aware that the authors recommend antidepressants as the first-line treatment for PMDD and unfortunately do not mention using tryptophan, GABA or a dietary approach.

I always use this approach when serotonin is low

Keep in mind that this discussion about tryptophan and 5-HTP timing and combinations is not necessarily only applicable for PMDD or PMS but can be used across the board when serotonin support is needed.  I always use this approach when serotonin is low i.e. someone has worry-type ruminating anxiety, depression, afternoon and evening cravings, irritability, anger issues.

Resources if you are new to using the amino acids as supplements

If you are new to using the amino acids tryptophan/5-HTP or GABA as supplements, here is the Amino Acids Mood Questionnaire from The Antianxiety Food Solution (you can see all the low serotonin symptoms here) and a brief overview here, Anxiety and targeted individual amino acid supplements: a summary.

As I mentioned above, if you suspect low serotonin or low levels of any of the neurotransmitters and do not yet have my book, The Antianxiety Food Solution – How the Foods You Eat Can Help You Calm Your Anxious Mind, Improve Your Mood, and End Cravings, I highly recommend getting it and reading it before jumping in and using amino acids so you are knowledgeable. And be sure to share it with the team you or your loved one is working with.

The book doesn’t include product names (per the publisher’s request) so this blog, The Antianxiety Food Solution Amino Acid and Pyroluria Supplements, lists the amino acid products that I use with my individual clients and those in my group programs.

Have you (or a loved one) been diagnosed with PMDD, PMS or have low serotonin symptoms?

Has tryptophan or 5-HTP helped and what combination and what timing has worked best for you?

Feel free to post any questions here too.

Tryptophan supplementation for anorexia?

By Trudy Scott 27 Comments

tryptophan and anorexia

This blog post highlights the potential importance of tryptophan supplementation in improving therapeutics in anorexia (and other eating disorders) and some of my insights about the 2017 anorexia-tryptophan study. I also share the high incidence of eating disorders, overlaps with anxiety and the case for tryptophan supplementation given the many low serotonin symptoms (anxiety, obsessive thoughts/behaviors, perfectionism, negative-self-talk, low self-esteem and depression) we see with anorexia and other eating disorders. And the importance of a comprehensive nutritional approach.

I’ve updated the original blog with newer research on low zinc and iron with males with eating disorders – and how this ties in with serotonin production and also pyroluria (read on below).

According to The National Eating Disorders Association (NEDA), eating disorders are

serious but treatable mental and physical illnesses that can affect people of all genders, ages, races, religions, ethnicities, sexual orientations, body shapes, and weights. National surveys estimate that 20 million women and 10 million men in America will have an eating disorder at some point in their lives.

While no one knows for sure what causes eating disorders, a growing consensus suggests that it is a range of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors.

While NEDA does acknowledge that some of the causative factors may be biological, unfortunately there is no mention of nutritional psychiatry or tryptophan on the site. You’ll see this to be the case in the majority of conventional treatment centers.

The 2017 paper on tryptophan potential for anorexia

The paper, Improving therapeutics in anorexia nervosa with tryptophan, does acknowledge that the “growing body of evidence suggests that our diet is an important contributing factor in the development, management and prevention of a number of psychiatric illnesses.”

It discusses what we know about tryptophan being “the sole precursor” of serotonin, a neurotransmitter and that when used as a supplement it has therapeutic benefits when serotonin is low.

The author proposes that excessive dieting and food restriction decrease brain tryptophan and serotonin and propose the “potential importance of tryptophan supplementation in improving therapeutics in anorexia patients” (together with psychotherapy).

Given that anorexia has the “highest lethality of all psychiatric illnesses” and that there are currently “no FDA approved pharmacological treatments available” for anorexia, the urgency for implementing nutritional psychiatry approaches is high. The authors also share that the antidepressants and antipsychotics which are commonly used to treat the co-occurring anxiety, depression, OCD and psychosis are not very effective.

The author mentions a paper that used 250 mg tryptophan twice a day but based on my work with individuals with anxiety, we know an individualized approach is best.  A typical starting dose of tryptophan is 500mg used once or twice a day and I use the trial approach to determine the ideal dose for each person.

Incidence of anorexia and eating disorders in general

Here are a few select anorexia and eating disorder statistics from NEDA. I find much of this alarming and in some cases surprising (like the high incidence of males who are affected):

  • 40% to 60% of elementary school girls (ages 6-12) are concerned about their weight
  • 2% to 13% of adolescent girls meet the criteria for eating disorders
  • Males represent 25% of individuals with anorexia (they are at a higher risk of dying because they are often diagnosed later since many people assume males don’t have eating disorders)
  • Male athletes, especially those competing in sports that emphasize diet, appearance, size and weight, are at risk. In weight-class sports (wrestling, rowing, horse racing) and aesthetic sports (bodybuilding, gymnastics, swimming, diving) about 33% of male athletes are affected. In female athletes in weight class and aesthetic sports, disordered eating occurs at estimates of up to 62%.
  • In one study of ultra-Orthodox and Syrian Jewish communities in Brooklyn, 1 out of 19 girls was diagnosed with an eating disorder, which is a rate about 50 percent higher than the general U.S. population.
  • Despite similar rates of eating disorders among non-Hispanic Whites, Hispanics, African-Americans, and Asians in the United States, people of color are significantly less likely to receive help for their eating issues.
  • Elevated rates of binge-eating and purging by vomiting or laxative abuse was found for both males and females who identified as gay, lesbian, bisexual, or “mostly heterosexual” in comparison to their heterosexual peers.
[You can find the actual stats and studies quoted above at the NEDA stats link.]

 

Prevalence of anxiety and making the case for low serotonin

The prevalence of anxiety is high in those with eating disorders (which is one of the reasons for this particular blog):

  • Anxiety is also diagnosed in 48-51% of people with anorexia nervosa, 54-81% of people with bulimia nervosa, and 55-65% of people with binge eating disorder
  • Two-thirds of people with anorexia also showed signs of an anxiety disorder several years before the start of their eating disorder.

In one study, after dietary treatment (called refeeding), plasma tryptophan levels normalized in patients with anorexia:

Disturbance in serotonin function has been described as central to the psychobiology of this disorder 

Plasma TRP normalizes during the course of refeeding, supporting the hypothesis that serotonin function is disturbed in patients with anorexia nervosa.

We also see a large number of low serotonin symptoms in those with eating disorders:

  • Childhood obsessive-compulsive traits, such as perfectionism, having to follow the rules, and concern about mistakes, were much more common in women who developed eating disorders than women who didn’t.
  • Binge eating disorder patients … also had significantly higher levels of negative affect, and lower self-esteem
  • In a study of women with eating disorders, 94% of the participants had a co-occurring mood disorder
[You can find the actual stats and studies quoted above at the NEDA stats link.]

There are all classic low serotonin symptoms: obsessive thoughts/behaviors, perfectionism, negative-self-talk, low self-esteem and depression.

This further supports the rationale for tryptophan supplementation and is another reason for this blog. I have extensive experience in the use of tryptophan and 5-HTP and believe they should be part of all eating disorder programs.

There is one big difference in that typically we see afternoon and evening sugar and carb cravings with low serotonin-type anxiety. Whereas with anorexia, the low self-esteem, obsessive thinking and body dysmorphia (feeling shame or disgust with parts of their body or appearance) may prevent someone acting on these cravings. However, if there are sugar and carb cravings (and bingeing), this is the time they will typically occur.

Here are two recent blog posts that share case studies where tryptophan was used with success:

Anorexia and other eating disorders require a multidisciplinary team and a targeted nutritional approach

I don’t currently work with clients with anorexia as it requires a multidisciplinary team. I did, however, work with a few clients with anorexia when I worked at Recovery Systems over 10 years ago. They had a therapist, nutritionist and doctor on their team and a nutritional approach led to more improvements than they had experienced at prior in-house eating disorder clinics where they had received psychological support only or psychological support and medication. Our approach included addressing low serotonin with tryptophan or 5-HTP, addressing low zinc and low iron, low vitamin D, addressing the gut/microbiome, low B vitamins, low omega-3 fatty acids and more (based on the unique needs of the client).

I now refer eating disorder clients to Dr. James Greenbatt, MD, an eating disorder specialist and integrative psychiatrist. He has a wonderful book on the topic: Answers to Anorexia – a Breakthrough Nutritional Treatment That is Saving Lives, with the second edition coming out soon. In the first edition he does address neurotransmitter deficiencies but we differ in our approach.  He doesn’t use individual amino acids like tryptophan or 5-HTP and prefers to use a blend of amino acids based on a blood or urinary amino acid test.

In this article, New Approaches to Treating Anorexia, Dr. Greenblatt covers the multidisciplinary aspect, current treatment options, the limited medical options and the need for targeted nutrition therapy. Although this article doesn’t address tryptophan and low serotonin, he does discuss the key role of zinc, B vitamins and omega-3 fatty acids.

UPDATE: October 10, 2024

Given that most of the eating disorder research is conducted primarily in females, it’s encouraging to share the results of this 2022 paper, Sex differences and associations between zinc deficiency and anemia among hospitalized adolescents and young adults with eating disorders, which reports that “zinc deficiency is equally severe and anemia is more common in hospitalized males with eating disorders compared to females.”

Liquid zinc sulfate tastes like water when zinc levels are low. I saw those with anorexia being willing to drink it when I worked in Julia Ross’ Clinic, so it’s a relatively easy way to start to increase zinc levels and improve appetite.  Zinc and iron both help increase serotonin production, and zinc is key for pyroluria/social anxiety which is common in this population.

Also, with pyroluria, morning nausea negatively affects appetite so it’s often helpful to address this in conjunction with using amino acids. Vitamin B6 is part of the pyroluria protocol and is another serotonin co-factor. Evening primrose oil, also part of the pyroluria protocol, improves zinc absorption. This is all covered in the pyroluria chapter in my book.

Resources if you are new to using the amino acids as supplements

If you are new to using the amino acids tryptophan/5-HTP, GABA or  tyrosine as supplements, here is the Amino Acids Mood Questionnaire from The Antianxiety Food Solution (you can see the low serotonin symptoms here) and a brief overview here, Anxiety and targeted individual amino acid supplements: a summary.

If you suspect low serotonin or low levels of any of the neurotransmitters and do not yet have my book, The Antianxiety Food Solution – How the Foods You Eat Can Help You Calm Your Anxious Mind, Improve Your Mood, and End Cravings, I highly recommend getting it and reading it before jumping in and using amino acids so you are knowledgeable. And be sure to share it with the team you or your loved one is working with.

The book doesn’t include product names (per the publisher’s request) so this blog, The Antianxiety Food Solution Amino Acid and Pyroluria Supplements, lists the amino acid products that I use with my individual clients and those in my group programs.

Have you (or a loved one) been diagnosed with anorexia or another eating disorder?

Did you see the most success with an approach that included nutritional psychiatry and serotonin support with tryptophan or 5-HTP?

What else has helped?

Feel free to post any questions here too.