GABA

My kids and I used GABA to get through Hurricane Helene – I recommend it for everyone’s 72-hr kit now

July 15, 2025 By Trudy Scott 2 Comments

My kids and I used GABA to get through Hurricane Helene. Freeways broken in 3 directions, no comms, no gas, no power, etc. GABA noticeably kept us calmer even as the days went by. It helped us stay calm enough to think about our escape plan and jump on opportunities to find gas and water.

So grateful we learned about it [from you years ago] and had it on hand… I recommend it for everyone’s 72-hr [emergency preparedness] kit now.

Alecia shared her wonderful results with GABA on a Facebook post. I’m sorry they went through this but I am so happy GABA helped. I also wish everyone had GABA on hand for situations like this.

She now also uses a manual device for vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) and feels a combination of “GABA and VNS would have been incredible.” I’m a big fan of a B complex too and zinc and extra B6 if you have pyroluria because the added stress depletes these nutrients and makes things worse. And serotonin and endorphin support can often be helpful too. More on all this below and details about the GABA product she used and what dose helped her.

Which GABA product helped her and her family and how much did she use?

I asked Alecia to share how much GABA helped during and after the hurricane and which product worked for her? And if she had been using it before for day-to-day low GABA symptoms of feeling anxious, stressed, overwhelmed with physical tension and sleep issues.

We use the pharmaGABA by Natural Factors. I usually only need 100 – 200 mg in my regular life. During the hurricane I needed 300 mg pharmaGABA a couple of times a day. And more when waiting in a gas line. Such intense stress. GABA really took the edge off.

It’s always helpful to know your baseline dose i.e. what you use on a day-to-day basis. And to expect that dose to increase in times of the added stress in the midst of the hurricane and the immediate aftermath – as it did for Alecia. She needed a higher dose and used it more frequently.

You may often find you need to continue with the higher dose for a few weeks to months after the disaster, especially during the clean-up and rebuilding period.

One other factor to consider is the form of GABA. She used pharmaGABA with much success and many do very well on this form but I find more folks do better with GABA. GABA works best when used sublingually, capsule-opened, powder (all held on the tongue 1-2 mins) or cream, and a low starting dose is used, and increased to find the optimal dose.

Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) as an added benefit

Alecia now also uses a manual device for vagus nerve stimulation (VNS). She had it during Hurricane Helene but had not yet used it:

A combo of GABA and VNS would have been incredible. I found out my mom was diagnosed with stage 4 cancer the next week and finally started using both GABA and VNS. Game changer combo.

She has the Hoolest veRelief Prime device and says this:

I love the Hoolest VNS. It helps with anxiety, sleep, digestion, and higher performance. I like level 4 but my kids prefer level 1.

I used it daily for about 4-6 months and then I started to heal deeply. Now I only need it once every week or two.

(I did hear that her mom’s treatments are working)

Vagus nerve stimulation, anxiety, GABA and the potential with VNS devices

This paper, Vagus nerve stimulation: a physical therapy with promising potential for central nervous system disorders, discusses how “vagus nerve stimulation influences the central nervous system through the GABA system” and the fact that “VNS has been shown to alleviate anxiety symptoms”, depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), panic disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Much of the research has been done with implantable vagus nerve stimulation (iVNS) but the potential with non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation devices is really exciting.

What is so interesting is that “Vagus nerve stimulation influences the central nervous system through the GABA system” and it’s “speculated that part of VNS’s therapeutic effects …might involve the GABA system.”

VNS benefits are also seen via impacts on serotonin and dopamine, BDNF (brain-derived neurotrophic factor), by reducing inflammation and the secretion of inflammatory cytokines and promoting neuroprotection.

You can read more about vagus nerve support on this blog: Vagus nerve rehab with GABA, breathing, humming, gargling and key nutrients. I share my vagus nerve/throat issue and how manual vagus nerve support exercises and GABA helped me.

Using a good B complex and the pyroluria protocol too

I told Alecia that I’m a big fan of a good B complex and the pyroluria protocol too. I share more in this blog – Nutrition solutions for psychological stress after a natural disaster.

If this is all that can be managed it would be my first choice for everyone. In fact, if you live in an area prone to hurricanes, floods, fires etc. I’d recommend being on a B complex all the time.

My colleagues Bonnie Kaplin and Julia Rucklidge published this paper in 2015: A randomised trial of nutrient supplements to minimise psychological stress after a natural disaster. Those consuming a B-Complex and a broad-spectrum mineral/vitamin formula showed significantly greater improvement in stress and anxiety than study participants consuming a vitamin D supplement.

It is well known that pyroluria symptoms are made worse in times of heightened stress. If you are on protocol for pyroluria, additional zinc and vitamin B6/P5P is likely going to be needed short-term too.

In addition to GABA I also mention serotonin and endorphin support:

Serotonin support with tryptophan or 5-HTP, especially if you’re feeling sad, worried, imagining the worst, feeling fearful and having problems sleeping. More on tryptophan products.
Endorphin support with Lidtke DPA if you’re feeling especially emotional and weepy and grieving the loss of your home and community. More on endorphins here.

And I also include some resources for disaster preparedness and things to consider after the fangers have passed (like mold toxicity).

Additional resources when you are new to using GABA and other amino acids as supplements

As always, I use the symptoms questionnaire to figure out if low GABA or low serotonin or other neurotransmitter imbalances may be an issue.

If you suspect low levels of any of the neurotransmitters and do not yet have my book, The Antianxiety Food Solution – How the Foods You Eat Can Help You Calm Your Anxious Mind, Improve Your Mood, and End Cravings, I highly recommend getting it and reading it before jumping in and using amino acids on your own so you are knowledgeable. And be sure to share it with the practitioner/health team you or your loved one is working with.

There is an entire chapter on the amino acids and they are discussed throughout the book in the sections on gut health, gluten, blood sugar control (this is covered in an entire chapter too), sugar cravings, anxiety and mood issues.

The book doesn’t include product names (per the publisher’s request) so this blog,The Antianxiety Food Solution Amino Acid and Pyroluria Supplements, lists the amino acids that I use with my individual clients and those in my group programs.

If, after reading this blog and my book, you don’t feel comfortable figuring things out on your own (i.e. doing the symptoms questionnaire and respective amino acids trials), a good place to get help is the GABA QuickStart Program (if you have low GABA symptoms). This is a paid online/virtual group program where you get my guidance and community support. You can sign up to be notified when the next live launch is happening.

If you need serotonin support, the Serotonin QuickStart Program is a good place to get help. This is also a paid online/virtual group program where you get my guidance on using tryptophan and 5-HTP safely, and community support during 5 LIVE Q&A calls. You can sign up to be notified when the next live launch of this program is happening.

If you are a practitioner, join us in The Balancing Neurotransmitters: the Fundamentals program. This is also a paid online/virtual program with an opportunity to interact with me and other practitioners who are also using the amino acids.

Wrapping up and your feedback

I appreciate Alecia for sharing her story and giving me permission to share on the blog.

Do you have GABA on hand all the time and include them in your 72-hr emergency preparedness kit?

Have you found vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) to be helpful – either manual exercises (which ones help you) or using a device (which one helps you)?

What about B vitamins and the pyroluria protocol – do they help too?

If you’re a practitioner do you recommend GABA, VNS, B vitamins and the pyroluria protocol?

Feel free to share and ask your questions below.

Tryptophan and GABA for relaxation, jaw pain, sleep, anger and mood symptoms

June 13, 2025 By Trudy Scott 10 Comments

I typically start clients on tryptophan if they have signs of low serotonin: stressed, overwhelmed worry, fears, obsessing, feeling anxious, ruminations, low mood, anger issues/rage, sleep problems, pain issues, PMS, low self-esteem, imposter syndrome, and afternoon/evening carb cravings etc. If we don’t get expected results we switch to 5-HTP as some people do better on one vs the other.

With signs of low GABA – a more physical kind of anxiety, with some overwhelm, intrusive thoughts, tension, sleep issues (often lying awake tense), stress-eating and/or drinking and pain – I typically recommend a GABA only product (as a powder or capsule opened) or GABA Calm (a sublingual). In some cases we may consider theanine and pharmaGABA.

The best way to assess low GABA and low serotonin is the symptoms questionnaire and a trial of the respective amino acids – one at a time. But the key is to find the ideal amount for the unique needs of each person. We do that by methodically and systematically increasing the amino acid slowly and tracking improvements for each increase.

In this blog you can read some success stories from women who used tryptophan and GABA for relaxation, jaw pain, sleep, anger and mood symptoms, and my commentary with some additional insights.

Tryptophan and GABA (as powders) – for her stress and pain

Amy uses both tryptophan and GABA for relaxation and jaw pain:

I use both tryptophan and GABA, I just take them separately. When my jaw was really bad the tryptophan really helped. I also do vagus nerve stimulating exercises that make me yawn and it stretches and releases the jaw.

As for the GABA …when I’m very stressed, I need extra to feel the effects. I use a pinch between the fingers of the Now powder and let it dissolve on my tongue. I feel my body relax in about 30 seconds. If nothing then I take a second pinch. Most days 1 pinch is enough.

I also let tryptophan dissolve in my mouth and most days I feel the same physical relaxation after a few moments. It’s not always obvious with the tryptophan though. I use 1/4 tsp of powder but you can use capsules. I mix the powder with pudding powder because it’s very bitter.

Both tryptophan and GABA can help with pain, and also feeling anxious and stressed.

The benefits are via different mechanisms – tryptophan boosts low serotonin and it’s typically more of a mental type of relaxation. This blog illustrates the use of tryptophan for TMJ (temporomandibular joint) – Tryptophan ends TMJ pain, headaches and worry, and improves mood and sleep: a success story.

The amino acid GABA boots low GABA levels and it provides more of a physical type of relaxation and also helps with pain relief.

I like that Amy is using both amino acids as powder and I’m happy for her. GABA powder tastes pleasant and is much more effective used this way (or capsule opened or sublingual).

Tryptophan can be swallowed but many find it more effective as a powder or capsule opened. As Amy says, it’s very bitter as a powder.

Tryptophan or 5-HTP and different forms of GABA – for sleep, anger and mood symptoms

Kerry tried 5-HTP and pharmaGABA but did better with tryptophan and GABA Calm:

My naturopath had me on 5-HTP but I never felt a benefit, and pharmaGaba was a histamine trigger. After reading your book I tried tryptophan and spent many months on 2 x 500mg at bedtime. This helped with sleep and definitely stopped the surges of anger that happened often.

I read a lady say her staple was 2 x Gaba Calm at bedtime and on rising, so I tried this and it helped.

I now take both tryptophan and Gaba Calm only if I feel niggly mood symptoms.

My previous diet was standard vegetarian, then vegan for several years. I now have lots of protein in the form of beef liver capsules, eggs and protein powder. I don’t like meat.

Kerry shared all this in a recent blog comment, describing how tryptophan and GABA Calm were big game-changers for her, in addition to “a long slow mold detox …addressing nutritional deficiencies and implementing dietary changes.”

Mycotoxins caused by mold, nutritional deficiencies and a poor quality diet can impact neurotransmitter production. The good news is that when you find the right combination of amino acids – in this case tryptophan and GABA Calm – you can get relief right away while the other factors are being addressed. It reduces the overwhelm, stress and fears too.

Kerry’s approach of consistent use of both amino acids is the best way to go and I’m so happy for her. And once levels are sufficient they can be used as needed, provided other underlying causes (like toxins, diet etc) are being addressed.

I will add that some individuals do better on 5-HTP and some do better on tryptophan so it’s often a matter of doing a trial of both. I typically recommend tryptophan to start because 5-HTP can be an issue if cortisol is high.

I also always recommend starting with some forms of GABA because of the potential histamine issues with pharmaGABA. That said, some individuals do tolerate pharamGABA so it’s worth doing a trial of both. And we may also consider theanine when we want to support low GABA, low serotonin and low dopamine.

Theanine and tryptophan and diet/lifestyle changes – and feeling her best!

Luna worked with a health practitioner to taper off Prozac (very slowly) and used amino acids during the taper and afterwards:

As someone who took Prozac for years and eventually came off, please pay special attention to Trudy’s advice to come off it SLOWLY. I’d say do it so slowly it may seem ridiculous.

I tried three times to get off Prozac and it was only with the help of an ND/PharmD did I finally get the info needed to come off it without *awful* side effects. To do it well, the process takes MONTHS – not weeks as many doctors recommend.

These days, I take L-Theanine and L-Tryptophan. And I’m preparing to add some GABA soon. Combined with daily 45 minute walks outside, and a low-sugar/low-gluten diet, I’m doing the best I have in my adult life.

A comprehensive approach that includes amino acids, dietary changes, and getting out in nature can make a world of difference. I love it when I hear feedback like this.

Additional resources when you are new to using tryptophan and GABA and other amino acids as supplements

As always, I use the symptoms questionnaire to figure out if low serotonin or low GABA or other neurotransmitter imbalances may be an issue.

The book doesn’t include product names (per the publisher’s request) so this blog, The Antianxiety Food Solution Amino Acid and Pyroluria Supplements, lists the amino acids that I use with my individual clients and those in my group programs.

Wrapping up and your feedback

Now I’d love to hear from you – how has tryptophan and GABA helped you or a loved one?

If you’d like to get on the notification list for the next Serotonin Quickstart Program (a paid online/virtual group program where you get my guidance and community support during 5 LIVE Q&A calls), please do so here.

If you’re a practitioner do you use tryptophan and GABA with your clients/patients?

Feel free to share and ask your questions below.

Mitochondrial disruption and systemic benzodiazepine side effects/tapering issues: pain, fatigue, brain fog, insomnia and anxiety

May 16, 2025 By Trudy Scott 19 Comments

A recent article published on Naturopathic Doctor News & Review, Mitochondrial Disruption Explains Systemic Benzodiazepine Side Effects, reports on new research that identifies a possible mechanism for wide-ranging side effects of these antianxiety medications. In addition to side-effects there can also be persistent withdrawal symptoms that continue after they have been tapered:

Benzodiazepines impair mitochondrial signaling across multiple systems in the body, not just GABA receptors in the brain. Mitochondria play a central role in regulating cell energy metabolism, hormone synthesis, oxidative stress balance, and immune response.

Disrupting these pathways has systemic consequences that explain the wide range of symptoms patients report during chronic use and withdrawal.

These findings offer a cellular mechanism for persistent fatigue, pain syndromes, cognitive impairment, and inflammatory symptoms that may continue after tapering.

Many medications impact the mitochondria but this new research has identified a new possible mechanism: tryptophan-rich sensory proteins (HsTSPO1) and reactive oxygen species.

In this blog I share more about HsTSPO1 and this new research, additional symptoms of benzodiazepine withdrawal, what we already know about mitochondria and anxiety, other medications and environmental toxicants that affect the mitochondria, and some key nutrients for mitochondrial support.

Benzodiazepines bind to tryptophan-rich sensory proteins (HsTSPO1)

This article from Virginia Commonwealth University, Researchers may have solved decades-old mystery behind benzodiazepine side effects, discusses the new study and HsTSPO1:

Benzodiazepines produce their therapeutic effect by binding with GABA_A receptors in the brain; however, the drug has an equally strong affinity to human mitochondrial tryptophan-rich sensory proteins (HsTSPO1), located on the outer membrane of mitochondria in cells.

This type of protein is linked to several neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s, and researchers have suspected that HsTSPO1 may be involved in certain side effects of benzodiazepine drugs.

And “when valium and other benzodiazepines bind to HsTSPO1, they inhibit the protein’s ability to manage ROS (reactive oxygen species) levels in our cells … this both reduces the production and the neutralization of ROS.

This may help explain why such medications cause side effects over time

And the authors propose this: “The new insights into HsTSPO1’s function could help pharmaceutical companies develop improved benzodiazepines.”

I have a better idea and propose we create more awareness about how these and other medications affect the mitochondria. I believe all medications should include a warning about these mitochondrial effects, and that mitochondrial support should be included when these medications are prescribed and then tapered.

This may include a combination of the same nutrients used for neurodegenerative disorders caused by mitochondrial dysfunction – CoQ10, B-vitamins/NADH, L-carnitine, vitamin D, and alpha-lipoic acid. And should also include infrared sauna, red light therapy and other detox approaches.

Ideally, this awareness will increase the use of the amino acids GABA, tryptophan, 5-HTP and DPA (d-phenylalanine), and other nutritional approaches instead of long-term benzodiazepine prescriptions for anxiety, pain and sleep issues. More on that below.

Some of the many other symptoms of benzodiazepine withdrawal

This paper from 1994, The benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome describes some of the many symptoms:

Physiological dependence on benzodiazepines is accompanied by a withdrawal syndrome which is typically characterized by sleep disturbance, irritability, increased tension and anxiety, panic attacks, hand tremor, sweating, difficulty in concentration, dry wretching and nausea, some weight loss, palpitations, headache, muscular pain and stiffness and a host of perceptual changes.

The mechanism is not addressed in the paper but in the light of this new research, it’s possible that tryptophan-rich sensory proteins, increased reactive oxygen species and mitochondrial dysfunction are factors.

Brain mitochondria: anxiety and fear

I first addressed mitochondrial dysfunction during the 2019 Anxiety Summit: Gut-Brain Axis. One of my guest experts, Tara Hunkin, NTP, CGP, RWP shared these highlights from this review paper – Anxiety and Brain Mitochondria: A Bidirectional Crosstalk:

Despite the established link between mitochondrial dysfunction and various psychiatric disorders, the contribution of mitochondria in anxiety disorders has not been extensively addressed.
Mitochondria are emerging as modulators of anxiety-related behavior, as evidenced both in animal and human studies.
There is a bidirectional link between mitochondria and anxiety. Mitochondrial, energy metabolism, and oxidative stress alterations are observed in high anxiety; conversely, changes in mitochondrial function can lead to heightened anxiety.

More recent research, published in 2024, The Emerging Role of Brain Mitochondria in Fear and Anxiety, supports this and proposes “a model in which mitochondrial function is critical for regulating the neural circuits that underpin fear and anxiety behaviors, highlighting how mitochondrial dysfunction can lead to their pathological manifestations.”

The new HsTSPO1 research builds on this research, identifying a possible mechanism and further supporting the oxidative stress connection.

On a side note, I’m really intrigued to learn more about these tryptophan-rich sensory proteins!

Other medications and environmental toxicants that impact the mitochondria

Keep in mind that it’s not only benzodiazepines that impact the mitochondria.

This 2023 paper, Drug-induced mitochondrial toxicity: Risks of developing glucose handling impairments, explores the correlation between potential mitochondrial dysfunction caused by selected medications, specifically looking at their effects on insulin signalling and glucose handling:

Drug classes such as statins, anti-diabetics, anti-epileptics, NSAIDs, anti-depressants, and certain antibiotics have been identified to induce mitochondrial toxicity.

This 2022 paper, Environmental Chemical Exposures and Mitochondrial Dysfunction: a Review of Recent Literature, states this:

Classes of environmental toxicants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, air pollutants, heavy metals, endocrine-disrupting compounds, pesticides, and nanomaterials can damage the mitochondria in varied ways, with changes in mtDNA copy number and measures of oxidative damage the most commonly measured in human populations.

Amino acids and nutritional support: instead of benzos and before/during tapering

As I mentioned above, this awareness will hopefully increase the use of the amino acids GABA, tryptophan, 5-HTP and DPA (d-phenylalanine), and other nutritional approaches instead of long-term benzodiazepine prescriptions for anxiety, pain and sleep issues.

When it comes to tapering, it’s best to be nutritionally stable BEFORE starting to taper. This means eating real whole food that includes quality animal protein, healthy fats, fermented foods and organic vegetables and fruit; eating for blood sugar control; quitting sugar, gluten, alcohol and caffeine; addressing gut and adrenal health; addressing pyroluria and key nutritional deficiencies like low zinc, low iron, low vitamin D and more. This is all covered in my book.

Addressing neurotransmitter imbalances with amino acids before and during the tapering helps immensely too. And so does mitochondrial support.

And a reminder: tapering should always be done very very very slowly and under medical supervision with the prescribing doctor.

Additional resources when you are new to using GABA, tryptophan and other amino acids as supplements

As always, I use the symptoms questionnaire to figure out if low serotonin or low GABA or other neurotransmitter imbalances may be an issue.

The book doesn’t include product names (per the publisher’s request) so this blog, The Antianxiety Food Solution Amino Acid and Pyroluria Supplements, lists the amino acids that I use with my individual clients and those in my group programs.

Wrapping up and your feedback

Are you aware that benzodiazepines and many other medications can play a role in mitochondrial disruption? And that this mitochondrial disruption is likely a factor when it comes to systemic benzodiazepine side effects and tapering issues such as pain, fatigue, brain fog, insomnia and anxiety (and more)?

Have you considered or used mitochondrial support when tapering one of the benzodiazepines and has this approach helped?

And has it helped to be nutritionally stable BEFORE tapering and using amino acids to help with tapering? What changes did you make and which amino acids helped?

If you’re a practitioner is this a topic you discuss and address with your clients/patients?

Please do share in the comments below.

I feel so dependent on my nightly “cocktail” of GABA, 5-HTP, melatonin and Ambien for insomnia – how do I reduce them?

May 2, 2025 By Trudy Scott 3 Comments

I have had insomnia for years. I have used GABA Calm with good results and also 5-HTP, melatonin and Ambien. Recently I discovered I have mild sleep apnea and have made huge progress in modifying my night awakening.

With my sleep apnea issues addressed, I would like to try to reduce my supplements and the Ambien… but the thought of this causes more anxiety. I feel so dependent on my nightly “cocktail”.

What is the best way to reduce the fear of withdrawal and my nagging brain that tells me I “need” these things?

Many thanks for all the wonderful information you share!

Lynn asked this on one of the blogs and since it’s a common question I’m sharing my feedback in this new blog post. I’m pleased to hear she has discovered sleep apnea is a factor as it’s not always checked and it definitely can cause disrupted sleep and waking in the night.

There is no need to taper amino acids and melatonin but I typically have clients gradually reduce them, one at a time, especially when they are concerned and are not sure how much they may still be helping.

She has a nagging feeling she still needs these supplements, feels dependent on them and feels anxious about stopping. All of this, in conjunction with the fact that stopping a sleep medication such as Ambien can also cause rebound insomnia has me advising a go-slow approach in a situation like this. Also, Ambien does need to be tapered very slowly and under medical supervision, so she would need to keep this in mind too.

A go-slow approach and one amino acid at a time

Lynn may still need one or more of the GABA, 5-HTP and/or melatonin and we don’t want to lose any gains.

As mentioned above, there is no need to taper amino acids and melatonin but I typically have clients gradually reduce them, one at a time, especially when they are concerned and are not sure how much they may still be helping.

I would start with assessing other low GABA symptoms and other low serotonin symptoms and if there are none, start with reducing either GABA or 5-HTP over a few weeks, watching for worsening sleep or other symptoms showing up. She could then do the same with melatonin.

As a reminder, other than sleep issues (with physical tension at night), these are low GABA symptoms: feeling anxious with physical-tension and stiff-and-tense-muscles, overwhelm, feelings of panic, and the need to self-medicate to calm down, often with alcohol but sometimes with carbs and sugary foods. You can also experience anger, rage and agitation, poor focus, intrusive thoughts/overactive brain, spasms, visceral pain/belly pain with IBS and more. You can read the entire list of low GABA signs and symptoms here.

With low serotonin, we see sleep issues with ruminating thoughts and worry (at night too), and fears, phobias, ruminations, obsessing, feelings of panic, perfectionism and lack of confidence, low mood, rage, anger and irritability.

Lynn has a nagging feeling she still needs these supplements, feels dependent on them and feels anxious about stopping. All this is a clue she may still need them or at least need one or more to some extent. Doing a reverse-trial of reducing each one, one at a time, with careful tracking is my approach.

I would tackle the above amino acid and melatonin reduction – if she decides to go ahead with it – only AFTER she has worked with her prescribing doctor on a slow taper on the Ambien. Stopping a sleep medication such as Ambien can cause rebound insomnia/discontinuation syndrome and she may find she does still need nutritional support to tide her over the Ambien taper period. This may be the same as she is currently using or she may even need to adjust upwards on one or more.

Ambien: dependence, withdrawal, rebound insomnia, slow tapering, falls and memory issues

Ambien/Zolpidem “is a non-benzodiazepine receptor modulator primarily used in the …short-term treatment of insomnia aimed at patients with difficulty falling asleep,” increasing “GABA inhibitory effects leading to sedation.”

I seldom see it used short-term i.e. 7 to 10 days. With longer-term use, “this drug has a high potential for overuse and daily dependence” and “withdrawal symptoms may occur if the zolpidem dose is tapered off rapidly or discontinued.”

Other factors to be aware of:

Complex sleep behaviors can occur after using zolpidem, such as sleep-driving, sleep-walking, and engaging in activities while not fully awake
Changes in behavior and abnormal thinking have been reported after zolpidem administration. In addition, patients have demonstrated aggressiveness and extroversion uncommon for the person’s usual behavior
Worsening of depression or suicidal ideation may occur with zolpidem therapy

I encourage you to read the article here and be fully informed.

This 2024 paper supports that “long-term use of Zolpidem may lead to drug tolerance, dependence, rebound phenomena, and withdrawal symptoms, making discontinuation difficult.” Other concerns include: dizziness, headache, falls, and cognitive decline.

Many of the papers published prior to 2023 do not report many of these issues, however awareness is growing. This 2024 paper, Case report: Additional grounds for tighter regulation? A case series of five women with zolpidem dependence from a Brazilian women-specific substance use disorder outpatient service, also reports adverse effects in women such as “memory and social impairment, falls, seizures” and “withdrawal symptoms, including rebound insomnia, social impairment, and craving.”

The authors recommend tighter regulation, stating that: “The surge in zolpidem prescriptions, driven by its perceived safety and low abuse potential compared to benzodiazepines, may lead to a global health issue of dependence.”

Because of much of this it’s important to work with the prescribing doctor on doing a very slow taper under their medical supervision. She may need to adjust her amino acids up during the taper period if her sleep gets worse in the short-term. And then do the taper approach I mentioned at the start of this blog.

With these safety, dependence and withdrawal issues, I would love to see GABA, tryptophan/5-HTP and/or melatonin (and other nutritional and functional medicine approaches), addressing sleep apnea and lifestyle factors/sleep hygiene be considered as the first approach for sleep issues – instead of Ambien/Zolipdem.

Additional resources when you are new to using GABA, 5-HTP and other amino acids as supplements

As always, I use the symptoms questionnaire to figure out if low serotonin or low GABA or other neurotransmitter imbalances may be an issue.

The book doesn’t include product names (per the publisher’s request) so this blog, The Antianxiety Food Solution Amino Acid and Pyroluria Supplements, lists the amino acids that I use with my individual clients and those in my group programs.

Wrapping up and your feedback

I appreciate Lynn for asking this question and want to acknowledge that she is wise to be cautious and have concerns about the best way to tackle this. And she may find she does have a physical dependence on the Ambien.

Have you found that GABA, 5-HTP and/or melatonin helped/helps with your sleep issues?

And is sleep apnea a factor for you too?

And have you been prescribed Ambien and had any of the issues mentioned?

And how have you adjusted your amino acids and other sleep supplements as you’ve tapered your sleep medication?

Feel free to share your feedback and ask your questions below in the comments section.

I ran out of GABA and was so irritable and quick to rage (impacting my relationship with my son.) Back on it and feel so much calmer.

April 18, 2025 By Trudy Scott 5 Comments

Kaurie shared this feedback in the Facebook community:

I haven’t been taking my GABA for awhile (I ran out and forgot to order) and was soooo irritable and quick to rage. Back on it and feel sooo much calmer. Hopefully that’s the trick or I’m not sure what to do as it’s impacting my relationship with my son.

It’s not a good thing when it starts to impact your relationships. I was curious what this looked like for her and when I asked she shared this:

Any little thing will trigger me i.e. I couldn’t log onto my booktopia account- I ended up throwing my phone so hard it smashed (I had to buy a new phone which I couldn’t afford at the time). I get irritable at the tiniest things.

The good news is that a few days later she shared this: “GABA definitely seems to be helping!”

I’m thrilled for her and these great results, and appreciate her sharing and allowing me to share! I hope this continues to improve her relationship with her son and in other areas of her life too.

And in case you’re wondering, once you know your ideal dose of GABA it does work that quickly, provided it’s used sublingually, capsule opened, in powder or liposomal form or as a cream.

What we typically see with low GABA levels and some less-recognized signs

Low GABA is typically associated with feeling anxious with physical-tension and stiff-and-tense-muscles. The other common symptoms we see with low GABA are overwhelm, feelings of panic, and the need to self-medicate to calm down, often with alcohol but sometimes with carbs and sugary foods.

Sleep problems can also be caused by low GABA and you’ll experience physical tension with this (rather than the ruminating thoughts and worry which is the low serotonin type of insomnia). It’s not uncommon to experience both low GABA and low serotonin.

You can also experience anger, rage and agitation when GABA levels are low – this is not as recognized as the more common anxiety-related low GABA signs. You can read the entire list of low GABA signs and symptoms here.

This list includes other less-recognized signs of low GABA such as: inability to prioritize planned actions, poor focus/ADHD and spinning, intrusive thoughts/overactive brain, fear of heights, rectal spasms, visceral pain/belly pain with IBS, bladder pain/interstitial cystitis and urgency, Lyme-induced anxiety, globus pharyngeus (lump in the throat) and laryngospasms/“choking” episodes/swallowing problems, poor sensorimotor skills and sound and tactile hypersensitivity

Some possible GABA/glutamate mechanisms that may trigger rage and irritability

A letter, Tiagabine for Rage, Aggression, and Anxiety, published in the Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences in 2015, offers some indirect support for this GABA rage observation. They are discussing patients with treatment-resistant rage and aggression and they propose that:

Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter, may be critical in the neurochemical control of aggressive behavior.

They share that the prescription medication called Tiagabine, a selective GABA reuptake inhibitor (SGRI), increases synaptic GABA availability. They report that 20 out of 36 patients aged 15-54 years (69%):

with symptoms of rage, aggression, or anxiety in association with one or more of the following disorders: bipolar, intermittent explosive, major depression, panic disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, or substance abuse …demonstrated a good or excellent response to tiagabine, with reduction or elimination of the symptoms of rage, aggression, or anxiety.

This paper, looks at females with bipolar disorder and ADHD and discusses the role of glutamate and GABA in impulsivity and aggression: “On a neurochemical level, glutamate and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) are considered important regulatory metabolites.”

GABA likely also helps quickly because of reduced anxiety, improved sleep, and being easily able to quit or eat less sugar, and quit alcohol too.

Based on some research I’ve found and my experience with GABA, I suspect GABA may also help in these ways over a longer period: countering a histamine reaction, reducing inflammation and impacting cytokines, improving progesterone levels, beneficial impacts on the microbiome, supporting the liver and toxin removal (such as fluorides), gut healing and reducing high blood pressure.

Low serotonin and low dopamine, as well as low GABA

Rage and anger has always been associated with low serotonin but we now know other neurotransmitters are involved too. The authors of Aggressive behavior and three neurotransmitters: dopamine, GABA, and serotonin–a review of the last 10 years state this:

The regulation of aggression by a wide spectrum of neurotransmitters is well known.

Serotonin has shown both inhibitory and stimulating effects on aggressive behavior, depending on the brain region measured and specific receptors where it acts.

Dopamine and the mesocorticolimbic system associated with reward seeking behavior are also associated with aggression. Dopamine can sometimes enhance aggression and sometimes reduce the impulsivity that might lead to abnormal aggression.

γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter, and its relationship with aggressive behavior is extremely complex and highly associated with serotonin.

We use tryptophan and/or 5-HTP when there is rage, anger, irritability and other low serotonin symptoms of worry, fears, ruminations, obsessing, feelings of panic, perfectionism and lack of confidence. I have seen these amino acids change lives.

We use tyrosine for low dopamine symptoms of low mood, low motivation, poor focus and low energy. I have yet to see tyrosine help with anger, anger and irritability but it makes sense that it would reduce the impulsivity that may lead to an anger outburst or “abnormal aggression.” Interestingly I have seen tyrosine actually be calming for a few individuals. It’s highly unusual but it does happen from time to time, as this gentleman experienced.

GABA for rage, dark moods, OCD and histamine flares

Here are some additional blog posts on similar topics:

GABA helps ease symptoms of anger, rage, and dark moods (symptoms we typically associate with low serotonin)

My son who is 19 and on the autism spectrum was having issues with outbursts of anger and stuttering. These issues seemed to worsen during his senior year of high school. Since starting GABA and tailoring his dosage from Trudy’s instruction and feedback, we have seen a 90% reduction in stuttering and 80% reduction in anger and outbursts. We have done many supplemental protocols over the years and this is one of the few we have seen have an impact.

GABA worked amazingly for 18-year-old during a MCAS/histamine flare, helping with OCD, anxiety, rage and skin issues

GABA worked amazingly for us during a flare! Flares began with OCD [obsessive compulsive disorder]and anxiety increasing before our eyes and then the rage followed.

Additional resources when you are new to using GABA and other amino acids as supplements

As always, I use the symptoms questionnaire to figure out if low serotonin or low GABA or other neurotransmitter imbalances may be an issue.

The book doesn’t include product names (per the publisher’s request) so this blog, The Antianxiety Food Solution Amino Acid and Pyroluria Supplements, lists the amino acids that I use with my individual clients and those in my group programs.

Wrapping up and your feedback

Have you found that GABA helps your rage and irritability issues? How do they show up for you and does this also impact your relationships?

Or do you find serotonin support with tryptophan or 5-HTP help more?

Or have you found tyrosine (to support low dopamine) works best for you?
Or is it a combination of the above?

Feel free to share your feedback and ask your questions below in the comments section.

Mouth-taping for improved sleep, the image of vertical taping that changed my mind and GABA and serotonin support if you still feel anxious

March 28, 2025 By Trudy Scott 19 Comments

mouth taping

I had been exploring mouth-breathing and using mouth-taping for my own personal use when I came across this paper, The Impact of Mouth-Taping in Mouth-Breathers with Mild Obstructive Sleep Apnea. I had tried mouth-taping a few times but it felt uncomfortable to completely seal my mouth with the large piece of tape I was seeing various health practitioners recommend. And to be honest, it also felt a little scary too, even though I already use tryptophan and GABA for sleep and anxiety.

As soon as I saw the image of the man with a narrow strip of mouth-tape it gave me confidence to start mouth-taping again and I haven’t looked back! I don’t have mild obstructive sleep apnea and don’t snore but I was aware I was starting to mouth-breathe and sleep with a slightly open mouth because of waking with an incredibly dry mouth.

I do not go a single night without it and love the benefits of improved sleep and more energy the next day, and no more dry mouth during the night. I know it’s reducing future tooth decay too.

I share more about the paper, where I first learned about mouth-taping (and an image of sealing the mouth completely) and how GABA and tryptophan may help alleviate any fear and anxiety you may still have about taping your mouth closed at night.

The image that changed my mind and excerpts from the mouth-taping paper

This is the image I’m referring to: the man on the top right with his mouth taped (as circled in yellow). You can see he has a narrow piece of tape, used vertically, instead of a wide piece of tape placed horizontally across his entire mouth/lips (I share an example of the latter below).

As you can see in the image above, there is a difference in “airflow during mouth-breathing vs. nasal-breathing” as indicated by the blue arrows.

Here is the study objective:

Many patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) are mouth-breathers. Mouth-breathing not only narrows the upper airway, consequently worsening the severity of obstructive sleep apnea, but also it affects compliance with nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) treatment. This study aimed to investigate changes in obstructive sleep apnea by the use of mouth tape in mouth-breathers with mild obstructive sleep apnea.

And the conclusion:

Mouth-taping during sleep improved snoring and the severity of sleep apnea in mouth-breathers with mild obstructive sleep apnea, with AHI (apnea/hypopnea index) and SI (snoring index) being reduced by about half. The higher the level of baseline AHI and SI, the greater the improvement was shown after mouth-taping.

Mouth-taping could be an alternative treatment in patients with mild obstructive sleep apnea before turning to CPAP therapy or surgical intervention.

The snoring index is the number of snoring events per hour. And according to the Cleveland Clinic, the AHI /apnea/hypopnea index “identifies how many times your breathing slows or stops during an hour of sleep. You might see an AHI after a sleep study or on a CPAP machine.

The apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) is the average number of times you stop breathing (apneas) and have shallow breathing events (hypopneas) per hour of sleep.

The American Academy of Sleep Medicine uses a range to categorize the severity of apnea and hypopnea events in adults:

Mild: Five to fewer than 15 events per hour
Moderate: 15 to fewer than 30 events per hour
Severe: 30 or more events per hour”

In the above mouth-taping study, both the apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) and snoring index were reduced by about half, which I find impressive.

They used 3M tape that was “easy to adhere, easy to remove, and non-allergenic.”

My first introduction to mouth-taping and an example of taping your entire mouth with horizontal tape

This interview and taping demo with Mike Mutzel and Mark Burhenne was my first introduction to mouth-taping. It’s a fascinating interview and the benefits are numerous – do read the highlights and watch the interview.

As you can see, Dr. Mark Burhenne tapes his entire mouth with horizontal tape. This approach did not work for me and I gave up after a few tries.

mouth taping

If you have considered taping in the past and were put off or afraid because of this approach of taping the entire mouth, I’m hoping my insights below about taping vertically and the above study will get you trying it again.

How I tape my mouth and what I use

As mentioned above, I use a narrow strip of hypoallergenic paper tape that I simply tear off the roll each night. I sometimes use the same piece for a second night. I use lip ice/lip balm before taping as that prevents the tape from actually sticking to my lips. It feels more comfortable this way and still keeps my mouth closed. And it also allows me to cough and sneeze without feeling like I’ll lose skin on my lips. I can also sort of talk, although not very clearly, and it makes it easy to remove.

I do not go to bed without taping and it has added another element to improving my sleep. I do this together with the amino acids GABA, theanine and tryptophan, magnesium, Seriphos for high cortisol (when it’s high), eating low oxalates and calcium to counter the effects of oxalates, and avoiding EMFs).

If needed, I can slide a GABA Calm into my mouth without removing the tape. I will do this if I happen to need it due to waking in the middle of the night and not being able to get back to sleep.

If you are still fearful and anxious about trying this: serotonin and GABA support

If you are still fearful about taping your mouth closed at night, know you’re not alone! It felt a bit scary to me when I first started taping and I even yanked it off a few times during the night.

Trying it out in the daytime first definitely helps to get used to it. And it’s ok to test-drive taping for a few hours at night initially, and pulling it off later in the night.

Also, be sure to address low serotonin if you have low serotonin type of worry, ruminating, negative self-talk type of anxiety. With this type of anxiety, fears and phobias, and feelings of panic can be heightened. Personally, I use tryptophan and theanine for my low serotonin and also recommend this for clients and those in my group online programs. Keep in mind that some individuals do better with 5-HTP than tryptophan.

When you feel anxious, it’s common to have low GABA type of physical tension and anxiety. This may also make mouth-taping feel too overwhelming and give you feelings of panic. I’m a GABA girl myself and use GABA every night. I’m also getting some GABA support from the theanine I use. I know both are firm favorites with clients and group program members.

And, of course, an added bonus is that by addressing low serotonin and low GABA, we also address sleep issues which is a common sign of low levels of both these neurotransmitters.

Additional resources when you are new to using tryptophan, 5-HTP, GABA and other amino acids as supplements

As always, I use the symptoms questionnaire to figure out if low serotonin or low GABA or other neurotransmitter imbalances may be an issue.

The book doesn’t include product names (per the publisher’s request) so this blog, The Antianxiety Food Solution Amino Acid and Pyroluria Supplements, lists the amino acids that I use with my individual clients and those in my group programs.

If, after reading this blog and my book, you don’t feel comfortable figuring things out on your own (i.e. doing the symptoms questionnaire and respective amino acids trials), a good place to get help is the GABA QuickStart Program (if you have low GABA symptoms). This is a paid online/virtual group program where you get my guidance and community support, and is where this question was asked of me during one of the live Q&A calls.

Wrapping up and your feedback

Have you used vertical mouth-taping and if yes how has it helped you? Or are you fine with horizontal taping and covering your entire mouth? I’d love to hear how you tape, what tape you use and if you also use lip balm/lip ice before taping.

And if you have words of wisdom for newbies who may need some encouragement feel free to share this too!

I am curious if you have also used GABA, theanine, tryptophan or 5-HTP for overcoming the fear of mouth-taping and continue to use one or more of these amino acids for sleep support too?

Feel free to share your feedback and ask your questions below in the comments section.