pain

Red light therapy for back and neck pain, plantar fasciitis and low mood – a complement to the amino acids GABA, DPA and tryptophan

April 3, 2026 By Trudy Scott Leave a Comment

I had to share this with you about my experience with red light therapy. I do not have a Lumebox but purchased a larger device (Red Rush 400) over a year ago from Red Therapy Company after reading a recommendation from Ari Whitten. At the time, I had very painful plantar fasciitis with a heel spur on my left foot that did not respond to an injection.

Because I walk 3-5 miles every day, it was breaking my heart not to be able to walk and I was desperate to find a solution. I placed the bottom of my feet 4-6 inches from the device 10 minutes a day. To my absolute amazement, I noticed the difference in just the first week of using the device and within 2 weeks I was back walking 3-5 miles!

Because we sold our house and moved to Texas recently and are currently living in our 5th wheel RV (hoping to do some traveling) I had not been using my red light device. I developed a very bad pain in my neck and upper back recently (I have degenerative discs) that wouldn’t respond to NSAIDs for 2 weeks.

So I got out my Red Rush 400 and after the first day I started noticing relief which would last about 2 hours. Encouraged, I kept it up 10 minutes a day on each side (front and back) twice a day and within a week the pain was gone. I am sooo amazed how well this works. I’m so grateful to have found this therapy.

Thank you for all you do.

Katherine, a 72 year old woman in the community, sent me this wonderful red light feedback after one of my emails about the Lumebox red light device, and gave me permission to share her success story.

Read on to learn about the research supporting red light therapy for pain, low mood and plantar fasciitis; the two red light devices I own and how I use them, plus the pros and cons of each; amino acids for pain relief and low mood: GABA, tryptophan and DPA; and additional resources if you need guidance using the amino acids.

Red light therapy for pain relief

In case you’re new to red light therapy (or RLT), it’s also known as photobiomodulation (or PBM) or low level laser therapy (LLLT).

This 2021 paper, Low-intensity LASER and LED (photobiomodulation therapy) for pain control of the most common musculoskeletal conditions reports that

There is evidence that photobiomodulation therapy reduces pain intensity in non-specific knee pain, osteoarthritis, pain post-total hip arthroplasty, fibromyalgia, temporomandibular diseases, neck pain, and low back pain.

In this updated paper they confirmed the benefits of red light therapy reporting:

profound biological effects on tissue including increased cell proliferation, accelerating the healing process, promoting tissue regeneration, preventing cell death, anti-inflammatory activity and relief of pain

They also provide good reasons for using opioids at the “lowest effective dose for the shortest period possible”, i.e. adverse effects that include: “poor coordination, sedation, mood swings, depression, and anxiety combined with a dependence on the drugs.”

Red light therapy for low back pain and a mood improvement

In a small study published in 2018, A case control series for the effect of photobiomodulation in patients with low back pain and concurrent depression, the authors report that the participants saw a mood improvement while using red light therapy while doing physical therapy:

This preliminary investigation suggests that an antidepressant effect may result from photobiomodulation (PBM) to the back and thighs in patients with low back pain and concurrent depression.

The authors mention a possible mechanism – NIR and red light used on “large areas of the skin” (like the back and the back of the thighs) “might significantly affect systemic processes such as a slow metabolism, inflammation, and oxidative stress.”

The paper also includes this statement about photobiomodulation being “an FDA-approved treatment for somatic pain …based on the boosting of ATP production by near infra-red (NIR) or red light…” due to mitochondrial support. They also share that “depression has been linked to a decreased level of mitochondrial respiration in blood platelets.”

The authors do acknowledge this was a preliminary finding but what is fascinating is that photobiomodulation may improve mood even when it’s not used directly on the skull.

They also call this a multi-modal approach for pain and low mood, which I fully support i.e. the use of red light therapy in conjunction with dietary changes, exercise, physical therapy, acupuncture and amino acids such as GABA, tryptophan, tyrosine and d-phenylalanine. They don’t mention the amino acids but I share more about these below.

Red light therapy for plantar fasciitis

A meta-analysis presents evidence that red light/photobiomodulation therapy “is an effective treatment modality to reduce pain and improvement of foot function in adults with plantar fasciitis.” They do state that there is a broad discrepancy in the way studies are done for this condition – so you will also see some studies that state it doesn’t help and that it may help pain but other approaches are needed too (which makes sense).

My experience with the Red Rush 400 (panel)

I own the same red light panel – the Red Rush 400 – that Katherine used with success, and I love it. I use it primarily for back and neck pain too – I do 10 minutes at a time when I’m having an issue and also after a weight session at the gym. I’m also learning about the value of doing a daily session at least once a day for better skin health, energy improvement and better sleep.

What I love about this device:

it covers a large area i.e. from my neck down to my lower back
it’s very easy to use
it uses EMF Blocking Cage Technology and has an automatic timer

The negatives are:

the price (it costs more than the Lumebox)
it’s very heavy – it hangs on a door but can be easily winched higher or lower as needed
it’s not portable

If you are wanting to purchase this red light panel, I do have an affiliate account with Red Therapy Co and have arranged $100 off each order if you use the code TRUDYREDTHERAPY at checkout.

Purchase the Red Rush 400

I’m sharing about this panel and the Lumebox (below) because I have vetted the products and have first-hand experience with them. I’ve also started receiving other wonderful feedback from my community and will continue to share as more success stories come in.

My experience with the Lumebox device (handheld)

I also own a handheld Lumebox red light device and I love it.

I use it daily, often instead of the panel because it’s so versatile. It comes with us on all our trips and I use it on my feet after a hike or when my restless feet are affecting my sleep (my oxalate issues means I have fickle and tender feet!). I also used it recently on my low back after sitting on bad chairs at a wedding. I’m amazed with the pain relief after just one 10 minute session!

It worked wonders for recovery after a recent fall on my knee – fortunately no broken bones, just bruising and a soft tissue injury. I did use arnica, RICE and amino acids too (GABA and DPA) and saw a physical therapist, but was surprised by how quickly it healed

My hubby uses it more and more and my mom-in-law uses it often on her neck and wrist for osteoarthritic pain.

What I love about this device:

it’s portable and versatile (and can be used on targeted areas – like on my knee, my feet, neck, jaw etc)
it’s very easy to use and can be recharged relatively quickly
it’s low EMF too and also has an automatic timer
it’s very affordable for what you get

There is only one negative I can think of:

waiting for it to recharge (only an issue when hubby, mom-in-law are queued up to use it after me)

I also have an affiliate account with Lumebox where you can save $260 off each order when you use my partner link below. No code is necessary and there are other bigger discounts during special sales throughout the year.

Purchase the Lumebox

I do want to mention that the Red Rush 400 panel and Lumebox handheld device were not actually used in the above studies but participants were exposed to both NIR and red wavelength light, at the same levels that are found in these devices (NIR 850nm and red 660nm).

Amino acids for pain relief and low mood: GABA, tryptophan and DPA

I support a multimodal approach to pain relief and the amino acids are the perfect complement to red light therapy

GABA helps with pain relief when there are spasms and muscle tension (caused by low GABA levels). GABA and GABA/theanine cream can be especially helpful at times.
Tryptophan helps with pain relief (and low mood) that is caused by low serotonin levels
DPA (d-phenylalanine) helps with pain relief that is caused by low endorphins. With low endorphins you may also experience emotional pain and weepiness

I’ve blogged extensively about the amino acids and pain so be sure to search the blog with ‘GABA pain’, ‘tryptophan pain’, ‘5-HTP pain’ and ‘DPA pain’ for more about this if you’re new to this aspect. You’ll read many of my own stories about using amino acids for an ankle sprain, rectal spasms/pain, IBS belly pain/spasms and more.

Additional resources when you are new to using amino acids as supplements

As always, I use the symptoms questionnaire to figure out if low GABA or low serotonin or low endorphins and other neurotransmitter imbalances may be an issue.

If you suspect low levels of any of the neurotransmitters and do not yet have my book, The Antianxiety Food Solution – How the Foods You Eat Can Help You Calm Your Anxious Mind, Improve Your Mood, and End Cravings, I highly recommend getting it and reading it before jumping in and using amino acids on your own so you are knowledgeable. And be sure to share it with the practitioner/health team you or your loved one is working with.

There is an entire chapter on the amino acids and they are discussed throughout the book in the sections on gut health, gluten, blood sugar control (this is covered in an entire chapter too), sugar cravings, anxiety and mood issues.

The book doesn’t include product names (per the publisher’s request) so this blog, The Antianxiety Food Solution Amino Acid and Pyroluria Supplements, lists the amino acids that I use with my individual clients and those in my group programs.

If, after reading this blog and my book, you don’t feel comfortable figuring things out on your own (i.e. doing the symptoms questionnaire and respective amino acids trials), if you need serotonin support, the Serotonin QuickStart Program is a good place to start. This is a paid online/virtual group program where you get my guidance on using tryptophan and 5-HTP safely, and community support during 5 LIVE Q&A calls. You can sign up to be notified when the next live launch of this program is happening. We take a deep dive into product options including Lidtke products and others if you’re not able to access Lidtke.

Low GABA can cause physical tension and overwhelm, affect sleep and cause stress eating. If you also have low GABA symptoms, the next step to get help is the GABA QuickStart Program. This is also a paid online/virtual group program where you get my guidance and community support. Another option is the budget-friendly GABA QuickStart Homestudy Program.

Wrapping up and your feedback

I’m thrilled Katherine saw these benefits with red light therapy and I always appreciate feedback from the community and being able to share it on the blog.

Now I’d love to hear from you

Have you used red light therapy with success and which device do you have? How often do you use it?

Have you seen an improved mood with red light therapy too?

And have you used any of the above amino acids to help with pain relief too?

If you’re a practitioner do you recommend red light and amino acids for pain relief? Have you had clients report an improved mood with red light therapy too?

BeSerene™ GABA/theanine cream eases severe muscle tension in her neck/shoulders, prevents her bad headaches and quells her anxiety

October 24, 2025 By Trudy Scott 9 Comments

Hi there… I wanted to add my ‘two cents’ to the discussion about the BeSerene™ GABA/theanine product that you recommend. I LOVE it! I suffer from low GABA levels, which result in my having severe muscle tension in my neck and shoulders. Often, that resulted in bad muscle tension headaches, for which I couldn’t find anything to bring relief. The BeSerene™ GABA/theanine cream has been a real game changer.

If I wake up with one of those headaches in the middle of the night or in the morning, I use two pumps and rub it on my tight neck and shoulder muscles and within 15 minutes, I can feel the tension melting away! It literally goes away! I have even been able to prevent a headache from occurring by using it on my neck muscles before I go to bed at night.

Insofar as anxiety, I get relief from that as well, because generally I start to get anxiety once the headaches start, as I never know if it is going to be manageable with just an ibuprofen or two, or if it is going to be one of ‘those’ headaches, i.e. a migraine that lasts for a day or more! Unfortunately, once the anxiety starts, it makes the muscle tension headache worse, which makes the anxiety worse, and it’s just a horrible vicious cycle!

So, since the BeSerene™ cream works so efficiently on the muscle tension, it quells the anxiety that usually follows!

It has changed my life, and I don’t know of any other product I can say that about. I can honestly say that I will not allow myself to ever be without it now!

Thank you so much Trudy, for recommending this product!

Lisa is a woman in the community who reached out to me via email with this message raving about how life-changing this cream has been for her. I am thrilled for her and never get tired of hearing results like this. I’m not surprised either and love to share these kinds of results! She kindly gave me permission to share, saying “I want others to experience what I have with this product!”

Read on below for more about why she gravitated towards using a cream, other benefits you may expect to see (like a reduction in stress-eating and/or drinking too much wine), my insights into when to consider using a GABA/theanine cream like this and how to use it, where to purchase this exact cream and additional resources if you are new to using GABA.

Why did Lisa gravitate to using a GABA/theanine cream?

Lisa shared that she just couldn’t seem to tolerate the sublingual or oral GABA:

I have tried sublingual GABA products but haven’t had much success, as I haven’t been able to find any without alcohol sugars (xylitol, sorbitol, etc.) Those ingredients give me a terrible taste in my mouth and I just can’t tolerate them. (Why can’t they make one with just real sugar from nature?)

Plus, I haven’t had a lot of success with the oral products as they just take too long to work on the headaches/muscle tension.

I’m really glad she recognized her symptoms were due to low GABA – muscle tension and pain, in conjunction with feeling physically anxious are common. And that she didn’t give up on GABA and persevered until she found what works for her symptoms.

What about other forms of GABA?

However, my advice for someone in Lisa’s situation is not to give up on other GABA products if she finds she needs additional support in the future or finds herself without the cream. With regards to taste and time to work, I recommend a GABA-only (or GABA/theanine) capsule opened on to the tongue or a GABA (and/or theanine) powder – both held on the tongue for 1-2 minutes for quick results.

Stress-eating and self-medication with wine are classic signs of low GABA

Interestingly, stress eating is not an issue for her but wine may be:

I’ve never really had any issues with stress-eating. In fact, I usually have no appetite when I’m stressed out! (That’s where the wine comes in…lol!)

We may self-medicate with wine when GABA is low because it relaxes us physically, helps us fit in socially and feels calming and pleasant. It’s mistakenly used to try and improve sleep but typically makes things worse.

Alcohol consumption damages the gut, depletes B vitamins (especially thiamine/vitamin B1) and zinc – and it’s addicting.

GABA can stop that addiction in its tracks so there are no feelings of deprivation. The reasons we are drawn to GABA are addressed too. And amazingly there is research that GABA may actually heal the gut after alcohol consumption.

Bumping up the GABA/theanine cream may help or considering one of the other GABA products mentioned above may be better.

Low GABA symptoms

As a reminder, if you are new to GABA, it’s an amino acid that helps to address low GABA levels and the associated symptoms: physical tension and feeling anxious, feeling worried or fearful, panic attacks, stiff or tense muscles, insomnia, feeling stressed and burned-out, craving carbs/alcohol for relaxation and calming, intrusive thoughts, spinning/poor focus, fear of heights, rectal spasms, burning mouth, and visceral pain/belly pain with IBS. See the most current list of low GABA symptoms here.

When to consider using a GABA/theanine cream like this?

These are some of the applications I consider

When other GABA products haven’t worked (like in Lisa’s situation)
When looking for something in addition to other GABA products, for example, GABA powder in the day while at work or play, and GABA/theanine cream at night for tension and sleep issues
When there is a specific need for a topical application – like with neck and shoulder tension or belly pain or period pain or leg spasms etc
For an aging parent with Alzheimer’s disease (and sundowning agitation/anxiety)
For a person with ARFID (avoidant-restrictive food intake disorder)
For a person with anorexia or other eating disorder
When a child or young adult has autism (with anxiety and sensorimotor issues), a child/adult who struggles with taking supplements and other special needs children/adults
For someone with multiple sclerosis (for anxiety and muscle spasms/spasticity)
When a person has severe digestive issues and prefers a cream
When someone just wants to take a break from sublingual/oral/powder GABA
For presurgery anxiety since supplements are typically not permitted (even though there is research showing both help)

Where to purchase BeSerene™ IR GABA and theanine cream and how to use it?

This cream can be purchased online with this link (this has my 15% discount built in – you’ll see the discount applied on the checkout page after you add it to the cart).

Purchase BeSerene™ IR

They recommend applying 1-2 pumps to your temples or wrists.

You could also use 1-2 pumps/squirts on your neck and shoulder (like Lisa did), the forearm or inner thigh (before bed for helping improve sleep), and/or belly (especially if belly pain or IBS/SIBO or PMS pain keeps you awake at night). It can also easily be applied if you wake in the night.

Personally, it’s a product I love at bedtime. I apply 2 pumps on my forearm and then rub my belly with any that is left over. It’s calming, improves my sleep and helps with belly pain at night.

I’m sure you can tell by now that this is a product I endorse. I recommend it to clients and to participants in my GABA Quickstart program. In fact, it’s one of the top ten GABA products I recommend and it’s even included in the training materials/handouts of the program!

Additional resources when you are new to using GABA or other amino acids as supplements

We use the symptoms questionnaire to figure out if low GABA (indicating a possible need for GABA or theanine) or low serotonin (indicating a need for tryptophan or 5-HTP) or low endorphins (indicating a possible need for DPA) or other neurotransmitter imbalances may be an issue for you.

If you suspect low levels of any of the neurotransmitters and do not yet have my book, The Antianxiety Food Solution – How the Foods You Eat Can Help You Calm Your Anxious Mind, Improve Your Mood, and End Cravings. I highly recommend getting it and reading it before jumping in and using amino acids on your own so you are knowledgeable. And be sure to share it with the practitioner/health team you or your loved one is working with.

There is an entire chapter on the amino acids and they are discussed throughout the book in the sections on gut health, gluten, blood sugar control, sugar cravings, anxiety and mood issues. The importance of quality animal protein and healthy fats is also covered.

If, after reading this blog and my book, you don’t feel comfortable figuring things out on your own (i.e. doing the symptoms questionnaire and respective amino acids trials), a good place to get help is the GABA QuickStart Program (if you have low GABA symptoms). This is a paid online/virtual group program where you get my guidance and community support. We’ll be launching a budget-friendly homestudy version in a few weeks – sign up for the wait list here (the live version with Q&A is offered only a few times a year).

If you also need serotonin support, the Serotonin QuickStart Program is a good place to get help. This is also a paid online/virtual group program where you get my guidance on using tryptophan and 5-HTP safely, and community support during 5 LIVE Q&A calls. You can sign up to be notified when the next live launch of this program is happening.

If you are a practitioner, join us in The Balancing Neurotransmitters: the Fundamentals program. This is also a paid online/virtual program with an opportunity to interact with me and other practitioners who are also using the amino acids.

Now I’d love to hear from you…

I appreciate Lisa’s willingness to share her wonderful results. Now I’d love to hear from you.

Have you used BeSerene™ GABA and theanine cream and how has it helped you?

How does using a GABA/theanine cream compare with other GABA products you have used (feel free to share specific brands and how you used them – sublingual, capsule-opened, liposomal or powder or even another brand of GABA cream)?

As I shared above, some folks prefer a cream only and many use a combination of cream and sublingual.

Feel free to post your questions here too.

[NEW] D-Phenylalanine (DPA) powder for boosting endorphins: improve mood, reduce comfort eating and ease pain

May 30, 2025 By Trudy Scott 30 Comments

D-Phenylalanine (DPA) is an amino acid that destroys the enzyme that breaks down endorphins. Endorphins are feel-good chemicals that you experience with an endorphin rush when you go for a run or when someone gives you a big hug, when you show kindness to someone or someone does something nice for you. Taking the amino acid DPA, as a supplement helps to boost your endorphins in order to improve mood, reduce pain and cravings or comfort-eating.

I’ve recommended the Lidtke Endorphigen product (500mg DPA) to my clients and community for many years, and wrote about it in my book and on various blog posts. Because product formulations have shifted and capsules changed, I’ve revised my recommendations over the years. I’ve suggested swallowing a capsule, then suggested chewing the capsule (when the company used gelatin capsules and clients saw quicker results than swallowing the capsule) and then suggested opening the capsule and tipping the contents on to the tongue (when the company switched to vegan capsules).

I then also started recommending Doctor’s Best D-Phenylalanine 500mg as another option and because many in the community didn’t like the taste and texture of the Lidtke product (more on that below). This product has now been discontinued.

The purpose of this blog post is to announce a new product: D-Phenylalanine (DPA) powder and share my current recommendations on the use of DPA for endorphin support. And some examples and feedback (from clients and my personal experiences too) in case you’re new to this amino acid and low endorphins.

Lidtke Endorphigen with 500mg D-phenylalanine (capsules)

Here is the new label for the Lidtke Endorphigen with 500mg D-phenylalanine. As you can see it also contains vitamin B2 and vitamin B6. The latest version now contains arrowroot flour as a filler.

This product has been a firm favorite of mine for many years and the formulation has shifted over the years.

Last year I did a taste difference blog on Lidtke Endorphigen and Doctor’s Best D-phenylalanine – Lidtke Endorphigen vs Doctor’s Best D-phenylalanine: the taste difference and endorphin boosting benefits for mood and cravings

Many of my clients (and myself included) describe the opened DPA (from capsules) as a dark-chocolate bitter like taste that is not unpleasant. However, about half my clients don’t particularly like the taste of DPA and one woman in my community, Ali, was ready to give up on the Lidtke Endorphigen product because of the taste. I suspect it was the B vitamins that she didn’t like.

Oh goodness. If I open the Endorphigen on my tongue, it’s just awful. I might be able to get 1/4 of it but that’s it. And the taste stays there for at least an hour. No sense of chocolate in there for me. Isn’t that interesting that you and others like the taste. I consider myself pretty open to whatever needs to be done but wow, this is almost no way.

I reached out to Lidtke sharing the taste issue and the above blog post, and asked if they would be willing to offer a DPA only product and suggested a powder.

Lidtke appreciated the fact that I shared your taste issues and feedback, and my request for a powder-only product of d-phenyalanine/DPA has come to fruition.

Doctor’s Best D-phenylalanine has been discontinued, so this is great news taste-wise and for a number of other reasons (listed below)!

The brand new Lidtke D-Phenylalanine (DPA) powder

Here is the label for the brand new Lidtke D-Phenylalanine (DPA) powder. As you can see it’s only DPA – no added B vitamins or fillers.

Here are the advantages of DPA in powder form:

A capsule opened on to the tongue offers mood and pain benefits so why not simply use the powder instead
Fewer capsules to swallow
Fewer digestive issues the cellulose of vegan capsules are not tolerated (I’m hearing more and more feedback about this)
Convenient for kids and older adults who may have problems swallowing capsules
A pleasant dark-chocolate like taste with none of bitterness of B vitamins
Hopefully, more affordable than the capsules

My personal experience with DPA

Personally I have used DPA over the years with much success. It’s my go-to amino acid for all kinds of pain – a sprained ankle, a pulled back muscle, a tension headache (and even a headache caused by chocolate) and belly pain during an IBS flare.

I’ve also used it for endorphin support when I have not been able to exercise due to an injury. I immediately notice a subtle mood boost and a reduction in comfort-eating and carb-cravings.

I have the new Endorphigen 500mg DPA product (i.e. the capsules) and it’s helping in the same way as the previous version.

I have yet to try the new DPA (d-phenylalanine) powder myself but will report back as soon as I have had a chance to do so – on the taste, the texture and the effectiveness.

Other DPA feedback from the community

I suspect many folks who already like the Lidtke 500mg Endorphigen and find opening the capsules to be more effective, are going to like the new powder:

“I love using the DPA! I use the Lidke brand. Very helpful in improving mood and anxiety. Open on my tongue. I like the taste!” ~ Lynn
“It’s interesting to read your recommendation to open the capsule … I had just started doing that! (Already using powdered forms of other aminos) Anyone looking thru my trash might wonder what I’m up to. This method really works for me.” ~ Joan

Here are a few blog posts illustrating the use of DPA in multiple sclerosis, weepiness, physical pain, emotional pain and resilience, cravings/emotional eating and even helping to wean off prescription pain medication:

Multiple sclerosis: low endorphin research and the amino acid DPA (d-phenylalanine) for pain, depression, comfort and trauma support “The endogenous opioid system is …well known to play a role in the development of chronic pain and negative affect [i.e. depression], both of which are common comorbidities in MS.”
DPA for weepiness, pain and comfort and reward eating
The individual amino acids glutamine, GABA, tryptophan (or 5-HTP), DPA and tyrosine are powerful for eliminating sugar cravings, often within 5 minutes
When using the amino acid DPA (d-phenylalanine) I have more resilience and more buffer in the caregiving work I do, and just the oops’s of life As I mentioned above, using DPA over these holidays also gave me more resilience and the endorphin boost I needed help with the emotional pain of losing my mom.
Wean off prescription pain medication, improve sleep and reduce emotional eating with DPA (an endorphin-boosting amino acid)

Be sure to use the search feature on the blog to find additional applications of DPA.

Additional resources when you are new to using DPA, tryptophan, GABA, and other amino acids as supplements

As always, I use the symptoms questionnaire to figure out if low endorphins or low serotonin or low GABA or other neurotransmitter imbalances may be an issue.

Wrapping up and your feedback

My current recommendations for endorphin support are as follows:

Lidtke Endorphigen with 500mg D-phenylalanine – capsules swallowed
Lidtke Endorphigen with 500mg D-phenylalanine – capsules opened on to the tongue and held in the mouth 1-2 minutes
Lidtke D-phenylalanine powder – on to the tongue and held in the mouth 1-2 minutes (assuming it works as well as Endorphigen)

Now I’d love to hear from you – how has DPA helped your mood, cravings and pain?

Have you used Lidtke Endorpigen 500mg or Doctor’s Best D-Phenylalanine in the past – capsules swallowed or opened on the tongue? Have you had any issues with the taste or texture?

Are you interested in trying the new Lidtke D-Phenylalanine powder?

If you’re a practitioner do you use DPA with your clients/patients?

Feel free to share and ask your questions below.

Mitochondrial disruption and systemic benzodiazepine side effects/tapering issues: pain, fatigue, brain fog, insomnia and anxiety

May 16, 2025 By Trudy Scott 19 Comments

A recent article published on Naturopathic Doctor News & Review, Mitochondrial Disruption Explains Systemic Benzodiazepine Side Effects, reports on new research that identifies a possible mechanism for wide-ranging side effects of these antianxiety medications. In addition to side-effects there can also be persistent withdrawal symptoms that continue after they have been tapered:

Benzodiazepines impair mitochondrial signaling across multiple systems in the body, not just GABA receptors in the brain. Mitochondria play a central role in regulating cell energy metabolism, hormone synthesis, oxidative stress balance, and immune response.

Disrupting these pathways has systemic consequences that explain the wide range of symptoms patients report during chronic use and withdrawal.

These findings offer a cellular mechanism for persistent fatigue, pain syndromes, cognitive impairment, and inflammatory symptoms that may continue after tapering.

Many medications impact the mitochondria but this new research has identified a new possible mechanism: tryptophan-rich sensory proteins (HsTSPO1) and reactive oxygen species.

In this blog I share more about HsTSPO1 and this new research, additional symptoms of benzodiazepine withdrawal, what we already know about mitochondria and anxiety, other medications and environmental toxicants that affect the mitochondria, and some key nutrients for mitochondrial support.

Benzodiazepines bind to tryptophan-rich sensory proteins (HsTSPO1)

This article from Virginia Commonwealth University, Researchers may have solved decades-old mystery behind benzodiazepine side effects, discusses the new study and HsTSPO1:

Benzodiazepines produce their therapeutic effect by binding with GABA_A receptors in the brain; however, the drug has an equally strong affinity to human mitochondrial tryptophan-rich sensory proteins (HsTSPO1), located on the outer membrane of mitochondria in cells.

This type of protein is linked to several neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s, and researchers have suspected that HsTSPO1 may be involved in certain side effects of benzodiazepine drugs.

And “when valium and other benzodiazepines bind to HsTSPO1, they inhibit the protein’s ability to manage ROS (reactive oxygen species) levels in our cells … this both reduces the production and the neutralization of ROS.

This may help explain why such medications cause side effects over time

And the authors propose this: “The new insights into HsTSPO1’s function could help pharmaceutical companies develop improved benzodiazepines.”

I have a better idea and propose we create more awareness about how these and other medications affect the mitochondria. I believe all medications should include a warning about these mitochondrial effects, and that mitochondrial support should be included when these medications are prescribed and then tapered.

This may include a combination of the same nutrients used for neurodegenerative disorders caused by mitochondrial dysfunction – CoQ10, B-vitamins/NADH, L-carnitine, vitamin D, and alpha-lipoic acid. And should also include infrared sauna, red light therapy and other detox approaches.

Ideally, this awareness will increase the use of the amino acids GABA, tryptophan, 5-HTP and DPA (d-phenylalanine), and other nutritional approaches instead of long-term benzodiazepine prescriptions for anxiety, pain and sleep issues. More on that below.

Some of the many other symptoms of benzodiazepine withdrawal

This paper from 1994, The benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome describes some of the many symptoms:

Physiological dependence on benzodiazepines is accompanied by a withdrawal syndrome which is typically characterized by sleep disturbance, irritability, increased tension and anxiety, panic attacks, hand tremor, sweating, difficulty in concentration, dry wretching and nausea, some weight loss, palpitations, headache, muscular pain and stiffness and a host of perceptual changes.

The mechanism is not addressed in the paper but in the light of this new research, it’s possible that tryptophan-rich sensory proteins, increased reactive oxygen species and mitochondrial dysfunction are factors.

Brain mitochondria: anxiety and fear

I first addressed mitochondrial dysfunction during the 2019 Anxiety Summit: Gut-Brain Axis. One of my guest experts, Tara Hunkin, NTP, CGP, RWP shared these highlights from this review paper – Anxiety and Brain Mitochondria: A Bidirectional Crosstalk:

Despite the established link between mitochondrial dysfunction and various psychiatric disorders, the contribution of mitochondria in anxiety disorders has not been extensively addressed.
Mitochondria are emerging as modulators of anxiety-related behavior, as evidenced both in animal and human studies.
There is a bidirectional link between mitochondria and anxiety. Mitochondrial, energy metabolism, and oxidative stress alterations are observed in high anxiety; conversely, changes in mitochondrial function can lead to heightened anxiety.

More recent research, published in 2024, The Emerging Role of Brain Mitochondria in Fear and Anxiety, supports this and proposes “a model in which mitochondrial function is critical for regulating the neural circuits that underpin fear and anxiety behaviors, highlighting how mitochondrial dysfunction can lead to their pathological manifestations.”

The new HsTSPO1 research builds on this research, identifying a possible mechanism and further supporting the oxidative stress connection.

On a side note, I’m really intrigued to learn more about these tryptophan-rich sensory proteins!

Other medications and environmental toxicants that impact the mitochondria

Keep in mind that it’s not only benzodiazepines that impact the mitochondria.

This 2023 paper, Drug-induced mitochondrial toxicity: Risks of developing glucose handling impairments, explores the correlation between potential mitochondrial dysfunction caused by selected medications, specifically looking at their effects on insulin signalling and glucose handling:

Drug classes such as statins, anti-diabetics, anti-epileptics, NSAIDs, anti-depressants, and certain antibiotics have been identified to induce mitochondrial toxicity.

This 2022 paper, Environmental Chemical Exposures and Mitochondrial Dysfunction: a Review of Recent Literature, states this:

Classes of environmental toxicants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, air pollutants, heavy metals, endocrine-disrupting compounds, pesticides, and nanomaterials can damage the mitochondria in varied ways, with changes in mtDNA copy number and measures of oxidative damage the most commonly measured in human populations.

Amino acids and nutritional support: instead of benzos and before/during tapering

As I mentioned above, this awareness will hopefully increase the use of the amino acids GABA, tryptophan, 5-HTP and DPA (d-phenylalanine), and other nutritional approaches instead of long-term benzodiazepine prescriptions for anxiety, pain and sleep issues.

When it comes to tapering, it’s best to be nutritionally stable BEFORE starting to taper. This means eating real whole food that includes quality animal protein, healthy fats, fermented foods and organic vegetables and fruit; eating for blood sugar control; quitting sugar, gluten, alcohol and caffeine; addressing gut and adrenal health; addressing pyroluria and key nutritional deficiencies like low zinc, low iron, low vitamin D and more. This is all covered in my book.

Addressing neurotransmitter imbalances with amino acids before and during the tapering helps immensely too. And so does mitochondrial support.

And a reminder: tapering should always be done very very very slowly and under medical supervision with the prescribing doctor.

Additional resources when you are new to using GABA, tryptophan and other amino acids as supplements

As always, I use the symptoms questionnaire to figure out if low serotonin or low GABA or other neurotransmitter imbalances may be an issue.

Wrapping up and your feedback

Are you aware that benzodiazepines and many other medications can play a role in mitochondrial disruption? And that this mitochondrial disruption is likely a factor when it comes to systemic benzodiazepine side effects and tapering issues such as pain, fatigue, brain fog, insomnia and anxiety (and more)?

Have you considered or used mitochondrial support when tapering one of the benzodiazepines and has this approach helped?

And has it helped to be nutritionally stable BEFORE tapering and using amino acids to help with tapering? What changes did you make and which amino acids helped?

If you’re a practitioner is this a topic you discuss and address with your clients/patients?

Please do share in the comments below.

Understanding the function of the GABAergic system and its potential role in rheumatoid arthritis (for pain, anxiety, sleep issues and more)

January 3, 2025 By Trudy Scott 2 Comments

This is a great question posed by a woman in my GABA/anxiety online group program:

Can GABA be good for rheumatoid arthritis, and in its early stages? If so, in what ways would someone see signs of improvement with GABA?

When I looked into some of the recent research on GABA and rheumatoid arthritis I was fascinated. A 2023 review paper, Understanding the function of the GABAergic system and its potential role in rheumatoid arthritis, discusses the relationship between rheumatoid arthritis (RA), an autoimmune condition, and GABA (gamma-amino butyric acid), a calming neurotransmitter.

The authors discuss “a new mechanism of action in RA” and the fact that “bidirectional communication occurs between the brain and immune system…and neuroinflammatory responses in the brain.”

The paper discusses GABA and neurosignalling, immunomodulatory effects and inflammation, stating that the:

GABAergic system may modulate the abnormal pain response in RA patients.

So to answer her question, if she has low GABA levels we would expect to see some reduction in her RA pain.

As always, we look for the signs and symptoms of low GABA regardless of the diagnosis or possible diagnosis. So if someone has low GABA symptoms of physical tension, overwhelm, fears, anxiousness, stiff and tense muscles, focus issues, pain, stress eating or drinking to calm down, and poor sleep, we consider a trial of the amino acid GABA, and could expect improvements in all or some of the above symptoms.

I would also recommend that she tracks markers of inflammation (like hs CRP, IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α) and RA markers to see if they shift in a positive direction with her use of GABA too.

I share more below about the incidence of anxiety and sleep issues in rheumatoid arthritis and some of the mechanisms covered in the review paper. Also, there are lab tests to track and there are other nutritional approaches for supporting an autoimmune condition such as RA.

Some of the mechanisms covered in the review paper

This image from the paper and the explanation provides some insights on the mechanisms at play.

Glutamate interacts with glutamate decarboxylase (GAD65 and GAD67) to produce gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA).
Binding of GABA to GABA-A receptors inhibits macrophage activation and decreases the release of inflammatory factors such as IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α. Antigen presentation by antigen-presenting cells, however, is impaired, inhibiting CD4⁺ T cell proliferation and differentiation and reducing the expression of inflammatory factors such as IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α.
Pain signaling activates the P38/MAPK pathway, whereas GABA binding to GABA-A receptors inhibits P38/MAPK. The P38/MAPK signaling pathway contributes to inflammation and is involved in the activation of myocardin-related transcription factor A (MRTFA), myocardin-related transcription factor B (MRTFB), and serum response factor (SRF) that played key roles in fibroblast activation.

gaba and rheumatoid arthritis — Figure 1. Understanding the function of the GABAergic system and its potential role in rheumatoid arthritis

The authors don’t mention the use of the amino acid GABA as a supplement for RA but do list a number of clinical trials (mostly diabetes patients) where GABA has been used with success. It’s a start and I look forward to future research in this area.

Anxiety, depression, insomnia, cognitive issues and stress-eating in RA

This paper, Psychiatric aspects of rheumatoid arthritis: Review of literature, reports that

Among the major psychiatric disorders found in RA, the anxiety and depressive disorders are prevalent (13 to 48% of patients), as well as suicide, insomnia and tiredness. The impairment of quality of life is markedly after age 65.

This paper, A 30-Day Adjunct Wellness Intervention for the Management of Extra-Articular Symptoms of Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Formative Study, also mentions “cognitive and physical dysfunction” and “stress-related eating” in addition to anxiety, depression and insomnia in RA patients.

Doing a trial of GABA (and other amino acids such as tryptophan and d-phenylalanine/ DPA), will confirm which symptoms are related to which neurotransmitter deficiencies. It’s exciting to consider a very possible role of GABA and other amino acids given the fact that “individuals with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) continually fall short of treatment targets using standard drug therapies alone”

Looking further than GABA and other amino acids: a gluten-free diet and other root causes

With RA we obviously want to address more than just GABA (and other amino acids). Gluten removal is recommended but I do want to mention that the research is surprisingly mixed. This paper, Efficacy of gluten-free diet in patients with rheumatoid arthritis states that

Gluten seems to be a glycoprotein with a clinically relevant inflammatory effect. Several observational studies and anecdotal cases reported a correlation between gluten and various diseases, including autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis. This study aimed to evaluate whether gluten-free diet could be effective in controlling inflammation and ongoing rheumatoid arthritis symptoms.

We report 4 cases of patients with long-standing rheumatoid arthritis with no response to several conventional and biotechnological drugs, treated with a gluten-free diet concurrently with the drug therapy. Our patients presented different degrees of response to the diet, in terms of disease remission and improvement of symptoms. Our cases confirm that a gluten-free diet may improve symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis, even in patients resistant to conventional drug therapies.

Many other papers dismiss the role of gluten and inflammatory diets. This one is an example of a number of similar papers.

The benefits of addressing neurotransmitter imbalances with GABA and other amino acids means the addiction is stopped and quitting bread and cookies now no longer requires willpower,

Here are some autoimmune recipe resources:

In addition to dietary changes, a full functional medicine approach is warranted as there is much research supporting the benefits of the following for RA: omega-3 fatty acids, olive oil, low vitamin B6, addressing heavy metals such as mercury and much much more.

I cover 60+ root causes of anxiety here – I’d be carefully assessing each of these root causes for RA too.

Additional resources when you are new to using GABA and other amino acids as supplements

As always, I use the symptoms questionnaire to figure out if low serotonin or low GABA or other neurotransmitter imbalances may be an issue.

If, after reading this blog and my book, you don’t feel comfortable figuring things out on your own (i.e. doing the symptoms questionnaire and respective amino acids trials), a good place to get help is the GABA QuickStart Program (if you have low GABA symptoms). This is a paid online/virtual group program where you get my guidance and community support, and is where this question was asked of me during one of the live Q&A calls.

Wrapping up and your feedback

Do you have rheumatoid arthritis (RA) or another autoimmune condition and has GABA helped?

Were you aware of these possible connections?

What about dietary and nutritional approaches?

Feel free to share your feedback and ask your questions below.

Fran suffered from proctalgia fugax alarmingly frequently for over 10 years: GABA is the only thing that helps and has absolutely changed her life

October 4, 2024 By Trudy Scott 4 Comments

Trudy, your information about GABA has absolutely changed my life. I was suffering from proctalgia fugax alarmingly frequently over the last 10 + years, not just during the night but also during the day, at work, while driving, anywhere… which caused so much anxiety and stress for me. I had many episodes where I had vasovagal episodes and passed out (which instantly resolved the symptoms but left me exhausted and battered.)

Now, because of your information I have a strategy that seems to work almost all the time- I take half a teaspoon of GABA powder sublingually as soon as I feel the twinge coming on. I sit on the ground in a safe place where I can either slump left or right without hitting my head (seriously! ).

I open the “breathing app” on my phone (free app) and focus on breathing in time with the inflating and deflating ball on the screen . I have more powder if the symptoms are not fading. Reducing the panic by controlling my breath is absolutely crucial, and the GABA powder short cuts the whole episode.

In the past, before GABA, I have had episodes that lasted over an hour. I have small tubs of GABA stashed in my handbag, gym bag, office, car etc. This has been the only thing that helped. Thank you

Fran posted this wonderful feedback about how the amino acid GABA, used as a supplement, is life-changing for her proctalgia fugax. If, like Fran and I, you’ve experienced these anal cramps (or butt cramps or anal sphincter spasms or “cramps in your bottom”), I know you can relate to how intense the pain can often be.

Today’s blog highlights more about this condition in case proctalgia fugax is new to you or if this application of GABA is new to you. I also discuss GABA dosing and some insights that may help Fran (and her son) get even more relief. And I share some of the latest research which unfortunately doesn’t offer much in the way of a solution.

How much GABA does Fran use?

I thanked Fran for sharing her wonderful success using GABA for proctalgia fugax. And I acknowledged how stressful it is to not know when the next episode will happen and then to be in such pain for over an hour in some instances. Like Fran, I’ve had a few clients also report passing out due to the pain.

She mentions using “half a teaspoon of GABA powder sublingually” as soon as she feels the twinge coming on. The key here is use it as soon as you feel the twinge of pain and using it sublingually like Fran does is perfect. Half a teaspoon of the powder is around 1500 mg GABA, which is a very high dose (a typical starting dose is 125 mg GABA).

I first blogged about GABA as a solution for my agonizing rectal pain and spasms in 2017. I find that 125 mg to 250 mg GABA works well for my needs and have had similar feedback from others in the community. I share this to illustrate the variability in the amount that may help.

For Fran, increasing the amount of GABA may help with prevention. But given the high dose she is already using I suspect that as time goes on and her GABA levels increase, it’s possible that her need to sit on the ground and use the breathing app may no longer be needed. She may find her GABA levels rebound with consistent GABA use throughout the day, even when she is not experiencing rectal spasms.

She does also mention feelings of panic so it’s possible that low serotonin may also be a factor. If this is the case then a trial of tryptophan or 5-HTP is worth considering.

GABA helps Fran’s son too

Fran added this PS to her comment:

Ps my 21 yo son has started experiencing these symptoms recently and he follows the process of taking GABA and using the breathing app and hasn’t had an episode last longer than a few minutes. I am so grateful that he hasn’t experienced a full blown episode of proctalgia fugax.

How wonderful that this helps her son too!

For both of them, I’d recommend trying to figure out what may be contributing to their low GABA levels and addressing those root causes. My book is a great starting point to address dietary factors, gut health, low zinc, low vitamin B6, toxins and infections that may play a role.

What is proctalgia fugax pain like and how is it treated medically?

This recent paper, Chronic anal pain: A review of causes, diagnosis, and treatment shares that “chronic anal pain is a relatively common problem affecting up to 11.6% of the US population.” Proctalgia fugax is one type of chronic anal pain and in this paper the pain is described as follows:

“Short-lasting (seconds or minutes) sharp deep rectal stabbing or cramping. No radiation. No anorectal pain between episodes.
The pain can occur night or day and vary in severity from uncomfortable to unbearable.”

It’s really disappointing to me that the solution offered is simply reassurance and an explanation:

From a treatment perspective, the problem with diagnosing proctalgia fugax is that symptoms are generally too brief or infrequent to treat. Thus, the key is patient reassurance and explanation, such as describing the condition as a “cramp in your bottom” that is harmless and not indicative of any serious bowel disease.

It may be harmless but I’ve had clients describe the pain as excruciating and agonizing, with many saying it’s worse than childbirth.

As you read above, these episodes caused Fran “so much anxiety and stress”, caused her to pass out and left her feeling “exhausted and battered.” I don’t know what her medical team told her but I believe we can do better than what these authors are proposing.

The first time I experienced a proctalgia fugax episode, I was terrified and beside myself, not knowing what it was or what to do. The pain was extremely severe and lasted about an hour. I eventually figured out the solution because I had used GABA for my own anxiety and to ease tense muscles and other kinds of pain.

GABA for anxiety, pain and muscle spasms (and more)

A number of studies have shown that “GABA is implicated in a large number of diseases including anxiety and stress disorders, pain, musculoskeletal disorders, sleep disorders, depression, addiction and withdrawal syndromes.”

It’s time that GABA supplementation is recognized and used more for pain, muscle spasms and anxiety – everything that Fran and her son experience. I’d love to get some cases like this published so we can get the message out in a bigger way and have the research catch up with what we are seeing clinically. If you know of anyone who could help in this regard please do comment below or reach out.

A few GABA product options – a sublingual, a powder and a cream

Fran used a GABA powder, possibly similar to Now GABA Powder (which does need to be measured out to provide a 125 mg typical starting dose). Keep in mind, some individuals need less to start and some like Fran may need more.

When using GABA powder I have clients use a handy mini measuring spoon like this one (my Amazon link) and share more about how to measure out GABA powder on this blog).

Source Naturals GABA Calm lozenges (a good low dose of 125 mg) is another GABA product I recommend and is helpful in cases of proctalgia fugax because of the lozenge instead of it being a powder that needed to be measured.

For Source Naturals GABA Calm lozenges and Now GABA Powder:

You can purchase these from my online store (Fullscript – only available to US customers – use this link to set up an account).
If you’re not in the US, you can purchase these at iherb (use this link to save 5%).

Somnium GABA Cream used before bed may prevent an episode in the night and is less likely to stop an episode that is in full force. It is available in the US and elsewhere with international shipping. Read more about the product and who else may benefit from using a cream, and grab my coupon code to save 15%.

Additional resources when you are new to using GABA and other amino acids as supplements

As always, I use the symptoms questionnaire to figure out if low low GABA or other neurotransmitter imbalances may be an issue.

Wrapping up and your feedback

I appreciate Fran for sharing her success with GABA and the success her son has experienced too. I do hope this information has been helpful for you and for them too.

Now I’d love to hear from you – does any of this resonate with you? Have you had success like this with GABA? What solution has your medical team offered?

If you’re a practitioner is GABA one of the amino acids you use with your clients/patients?

Feel free to share and ask your questions below.